روش‌های آماری در آموزش و روان‌شناسی، ویرایش سوم

Contents......Page f003.djvu Preface......Page f012.djvu 1.1 The "Image" of Statistics......Page p001.djvu 1.3 Inferential Statistics......Page p002.djvu 1.4 Statistics and Mathematics......Page p003.djvu 1.5 Case Method......Page p004.djvu 1.6 Our Targets......Page p005.djvu 2.2 Measurement: The Observation of Variables......Page p006.djvu 2.4 Ordinal Measurement......Page p007.djvu 2.6 Ratio Measurement......Page p008.djvu 2.7 Interrelationships among Measurement Scales......Page p009.djvu 2.8 Continuous and Discrete Variables......Page p010.djvu 2.10 Case Study......Page p011.djvu Mastery Test......Page p012.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p013.djvu 3.1 Tabulating Data......Page p015.djvu 3.2 Grouped Frequency Distributions......Page p016.djvu 3.4 Graphing a Frequency Distribution: The Histogram......Page p019.djvu 3.5 Frequency and Percentage Polygons......Page p020.djvu 3.6 Types of Distributions......Page p023.djvu 3.7 Cumulative Distributions and the Ogive Curve......Page p024.djvu 3.8 Percentiles......Page p025.djvu 3.9 Box-and-Whisker Plots......Page p026.djvu 3.10 Stem-and-Leaf Displays......Page p029.djvu 3.12 Misleading Graphs: How to Lie with Statistics......Page p031.djvu 3.14 Case Study......Page p037.djvu Mastery Test......Page p041.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p044.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p047.djvu 4.2 The Mode......Page p049.djvu 4.3 The Median......Page p051.djvu 4.4 Summation Notation......Page p052.djvu 4.6 More Summation Notation......Page p053.djvu 4.8 Multiplying or Dividing by a Constant......Page p054.djvu 4.10 Sum of Squared Deviations......Page p055.djvu 4.13 Mean, Median, and Mode of Two or More Groups Combined......Page p056.djvu 4.15 Central Tendency and Skewness......Page p058.djvu 4.16 Measures of Central Tendency as Inferential Statistics......Page p060.djvu 4.19 Case Study......Page p061.djvu Mastery Test......Page p063.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p064.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p065.djvu 5.2 The Range......Page p066.djvu 5.5 Sum of Squares......Page p067.djvu 5.6 More about the Summation Operator, Sigma......Page p068.djvu 5.8 The Variance Estimated from a Sample......Page p069.djvu 5.9 The Standard Deviation......Page p070.djvu 5.11 The Effect of Multiplying or Dividing by a Constant on Measures of Variability......Page p071.djvu 5.12 Variance of a Combined Distribution......Page p072.djvu 5.13 Inferential Properties of the Range, s^2, and s......Page p073.djvu 5.15 Case Study......Page p075.djvu 5.16 Suggested Computer Exercise......Page p076.djvu Mastery Test......Page p077.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p078.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p079.djvu 6.2 God Loves the Normal Curve......Page p080.djvu 6.3 The Standard Normal Distribution as a Standard Reference Distribution: z-Scores......Page p083.djvu 6.5 Areas under the Normal Curve......Page p085.djvu 6.6 Other Standard Scores......Page p086.djvu 6.7 T-Scores......Page p087.djvu 6.9 Skewness......Page p089.djvu 6.10 Kurtosis......Page p092.djvu 6.12 Normalized Scores......Page p094.djvu 6.14 Case Study......Page p095.djvu Mastery Test......Page p098.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p100.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p101.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p102.djvu 7.2 The Concept of Correlation......Page p103.djvu 7.3 Scatterplots......Page p104.djvu 7.4 The Measurement of Correlation......Page p106.djvu 7.6 Interpreting r as a Percent......Page p107.djvu 7.7 Linear and Curvilinear Relationships......Page p109.djvu 7.8 Calculating the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, r......Page p111.djvu 7.9 A Computational Illustration of r......Page p112.djvu 7.10 Scatterplots......Page p113.djvu 7.11 Correlation Expressed in Terms of z-scores......Page p116.djvu 7.12 Linear Transformations and Correlation......Page p117.djvu 7.13 The Bivariate Normal Distribution......Page p118.djvu 7.14 Effects of Variability on Correlation......Page p121.djvu 7.15 Correcting for Restricted Variability......Page p122.djvu 7.16 Effect of Measurement Error on r and the Correction for Attentuation......Page p123.djvu 7.18 The Effect of the Unit of Analysis on Correlation: Ecological Correlations......Page p127.djvu 7.19 The Variance of a Sum......Page p128.djvu 7.21 Additional Measures of Relationship: The Spearman Rank Correlation r_ranks......Page p129.djvu 7.22 The Phi Coefficient: Both X and Y are Dichotomies......Page p130.djvu 7.23 The Point-Biserial Coefficient......Page p133.djvu 7.24 The Biserial Correlation......Page p134.djvu 7.26 The Tetrachoric Coefficient......Page p136.djvu 7.27 Causation and Correlation......Page p137.djvu 7.28 Chapter Summary......Page p140.djvu 7.29 Case Study......Page p141.djvu Mastery Test......Page p144.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p147.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p150.djvu 8.1 Purposes of Regression Analysis......Page p152.djvu 8.2 The Regression Effect......Page p153.djvu 8.3 The Regression Equation Expressed in Standard z-scores......Page p154.djvu 8.4 Use of Regression Equations......Page p155.djvu 8.5 Cartesian Coordinates......Page p156.djvu 8.6 Estimating Y from X: The Raw-Score Regression Equation......Page p157.djvu 8.7 Error of Estimate......Page p159.djvu 8.8 Proportion of Predictable Variance, r^2......Page p160.djvu 8.10 Homoscedasticity and the Standard Error of Estimate......Page p161.djvu 8.11 Regression and Pretest-Posttest Gains......Page p164.djvu 8.12 Part Correlation......Page p167.djvu 8.13 Partial Correlation......Page p168.djvu 8.14 Second-Order Partial Correlation......Page p169.djvu 8.15 Multiple Regression and Multiple Correlation......Page p170.djvu 8.16 The Standardized Regression Equation......Page p171.djvu 8.17 The Raw-Score Regression Equation......Page p172.djvu 8.18 Multiple Correlation......Page p173.djvu 8.20 Stepwise Multiple Regression......Page p175.djvu 8.21 Illustration of Stepwise Multiple Regression......Page p176.djvu 8.22 Dichotomous and Categorical Variables as Predictors......Page p177.djvu 8.24 The Multiple Correlation as an Inferential Statistic: Correction for Bias......Page p178.djvu 8.27 Measuring Nonlinear Relationships between Two Variables: eta......Page p180.djvu 8.29 Dichotomous Dependent Variables: Logistic Regression......Page p182.djvu 8.31 Chapter Summary......Page p184.djvu 8.32 Case Study......Page p185.djvu 8.33 Suggested Computer Activity......Page p188.djvu Mastery Test......Page p189.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p192.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p195.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p196.djvu 9.2 Probability as a Mathematical System......Page p199.djvu 9.3 First Addition Rule of Probabilities......Page p201.djvu 9.4 Second Addition Rule of Probabilities......Page p203.djvu 9.5 Multiplication Rule of Probabilities......Page p205.djvu 9.6 Conditional Probability......Page p206.djvu 9.7 Bayes's Theorem......Page p207.djvu 9.8 Permutations......Page p208.djvu 9.9 Combinations......Page p209.djvu 9.10 Binomial Probabilities......Page p210.djvu 9.11 The Binomial and Sign Test......Page p212.djvu 9.12 Intuition and Probability......Page p213.djvu 9.13 Probability as an Area......Page p215.djvu 9.14 Combining Probabilities......Page p216.djvu 9.15 Expectations and Moments......Page p217.djvu 9.16 Chapter Summary......Page p218.djvu Mastery Test......Page p219.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p220.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p221.djvu 10.2 Populations and Samples: Parameters and Statistics......Page p223.djvu 10.3 Infinite versus Finite Populations......Page p224.djvu 10.4 Randomness and Random Sampling......Page p225.djvu 10.6 Random Samples......Page p226.djvu 10.7 Independence......Page p228.djvu 10.8 Systematic Sampling......Page p229.djvu 10.10 Sampling Distributions......Page p230.djvu 10.11 The Standard Error of the Mean......Page p231.djvu 10.13 Confidence Intervals......Page p232.djvu 10.14 Confidence Intervals when sigma Is Known: An Example......Page p234.djvu 10.15 Central Limit Theorem: A Demonstration......Page p235.djvu 10.17 Proof that sigma_Xbar^2 = sigma^2 / n......Page p239.djvu 10.19 Unbiasedness......Page p242.djvu 10.20 Consistency......Page p244.djvu 10.21 Relative Efficiency......Page p245.djvu 10.22 Chapter Summary......Page p247.djvu 10.24 Suggested Computer Activity......Page p248.djvu Mastery Test......Page p250.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p252.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p253.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p254.djvu 11.2 Statistical Hypotheses and Explanations......Page p255.djvu 11.3 Statistical versus Scientific Hypotheses......Page p256.djvu 11.4 Testing Hypotheses about mu......Page p257.djvu 11.5 Testing H_0: mu = K, a One-Sample z-Test......Page p258.djvu 11.6 Two Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing......Page p259.djvu 11.7 Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals......Page p261.djvu 11.8 Type-II Error, beta, and Power......Page p262.djvu 11.10 Effect of alpha on Power......Page p263.djvu 11.11 Power and the Value Hypothesized in the Alternative Hypothesis......Page p264.djvu 11.12 Methods of Increasing Power......Page p266.djvu 11.13 Nondirectional and Directional Alternatives: Two-Tailed versus One-Tailed Tests......Page p267.djvu 11.15 Confidence Limits for the Population Median......Page p269.djvu 11.16 Inferences Regarding mu When sigma Is Not Known: t versus z......Page p270.djvu 11.17 The t-Distribution......Page p271.djvu 11.19 Accuracy of Confidence Intervals when Sampling Non-Normal Distributions......Page p274.djvu 11.20 Chapter Summary......Page p275.djvu 11.21 Case Study......Page p276.djvu Mastery Test......Page p277.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p279.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p281.djvu 12.2 Testing Statistical Hypotheses Involving Two Means......Page p283.djvu 12.4 The t-Test for Comparing Two Independent Means......Page p284.djvu 12.5 Computing s_{Xbar_1 - Xbar_2}......Page p285.djvu 12.6 An Illustration......Page p287.djvu 12.8 Effect Size......Page p289.djvu 12.9 t-Test Assumptions and Robustness......Page p290.djvu 12.10 Homogeneity of Variance......Page p293.djvu 12.12 Independence of Observations......Page p295.djvu 12.13 Testing H_0: mu_1 = mu_2 with Paired Observations......Page p296.djvu 12.14 Direct-Difference for the t-Test with Paired Observations......Page p299.djvu 12.15 Cautions Regarding the Matched-Pair Designs in Research......Page p301.djvu 12.16 Power when Comparing Means......Page p302.djvu 12.17 Non-Parametric Alternatives: The Mann-Whitney Test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test......Page p303.djvu 12.18 Chapter Summary......Page p304.djvu 12.19 Case Study......Page p305.djvu Mastery Test......Page p310.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p313.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p316.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p317.djvu 13.2 The Proportion as a Mean......Page p319.djvu 13.3 The Variance of a Proportion......Page p320.djvu 13.4 The Sampling Distribution of a Proportion: The Standard Error of p......Page p321.djvu 13.5 The Influence of n on sigma_p......Page p322.djvu 13.6 Influence of the Sampling Fraction on sigma_p......Page p323.djvu 13.7 The Influence of pi on sigma_p......Page p324.djvu 13.8 Confidence Intervals for pi......Page p325.djvu 13.9 Quick Confidence Intervals for pi......Page p327.djvu 13.10 Testing H_0: pi = K......Page p328.djvu 13.11 Testing Empirical versus Theoretical Distributions: The Chi-Square Goodness-of- Fit Test......Page p330.djvu 13.12 Testing Differences among Proportions: The Chi-Square Test of Association......Page p333.djvu 13.13 Other Formulas for the Chi-Square Test of Association......Page p335.djvu 13.15 Chi-Square and the Phi Coefficient......Page p337.djvu 13.16 Independence of Observations......Page p338.djvu 13.17 Inferences about H_0: mu_1 = mu_2 when Observations are Paired: McNemar's Test for Correlated Proportions......Page p339.djvu 13.18 Chapter Summary......Page p340.djvu 13.19 Case Study......Page p341.djvu Mastery Test......Page p342.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p344.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p347.djvu 14.1 Testing Statistical Hypotheses Regarding rho......Page p349.djvu 14.2 Testing H_0: rho = 0 Using the t-Test......Page p350.djvu 14.3 Directional Alternatives: "Two-Tailed" vs. "One-Tailed" Tests......Page p353.djvu 14.4 Sampling Distribution of r......Page p354.djvu 14.5 The Fisher Z-Transformation......Page p355.djvu 14.6 Setting Confidence Intervals for rho......Page p357.djvu 14.7 Determining Confidence Intervals Graphically......Page p358.djvu 14.8 Testing the Difference between Independent Correlation Coefficients: H_0: rho_1 = rho_2......Page p359.djvu 14.9 Testing Differences among Several Independent Correlation Coefficients: H_0: rho_1 = rho_2 = ... = rho_j......Page p361.djvu 14.11 Testing Differences between Two Dependent Correlation Coefficients: HQ: rho_31 = rho_32......Page p362.djvu 14.12 Inferences about Other Correlation Coefficients......Page p363.djvu 14.13 The Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient r_pb......Page p364.djvu 14.15 Partial Correlation, H_0: rho_12,3 = 0......Page p365.djvu 14.16 Significance of a Multiple Correlation Coefficient......Page p366.djvu 14.17 Statistical Significance in Stepwise Multiple Regression......Page p367.djvu 14.18 Significance of the Biserial Correlation Coefficient r_bis......Page p368.djvu 14.20 Significance of the Correlation Ratio, eta^2......Page p369.djvu 14.21 Testing for Nonlinearity of Regression......Page p370.djvu 14.23 Case Study......Page p371.djvu Mastery Test......Page p372.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p373.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p375.djvu 15.2 Why Not Several t-Tests?......Page p377.djvu 15.3 ANOVA Nomenclature......Page p378.djvu 15.4 ANOVA Computation......Page p379.djvu 15.5 Sum of Squares Between, SS_B......Page p380.djvu 15.6 Sum of Square Within, SS_W......Page p381.djvu 15.8 ANOVA Theory......Page p382.djvu 15.10 Mean Square Within Groups, MS_W......Page p385.djvu 15.12 ANOVA with Equal n's......Page p386.djvu 15.13 A Statistical Model for the Data......Page p388.djvu 15.15 Sums of Squares......Page p389.djvu 15.17 Degrees of Freedom......Page p391.djvu 15.18 Mean Squares: The Expected Value of MS_W......Page p393.djvu 15.19 The Expected Value of MS_B......Page p394.djvu 15.20 Some Distribution Theory......Page p395.djvu 15.21 The F-Test of the Null Hypothesis: Rationale and Procedure......Page p398.djvu 15.22 Type-I versus Type-II Errors: alpha and beta......Page p400.djvu 15.24 Consequences of Failure to Meet the ANOVA Assumptions: The "Robustness" of ANOVA......Page p402.djvu 15.25 The Welch and Brown-Forsythe Modifications of ANOVA: What Does One Do When sigma^2's and n's Differ?......Page p405.djvu 15.26 The Power of the F-Test......Page p406.djvu 15.27 An Illustration......Page p407.djvu 15.28 Power When sigma is Unknown......Page p408.djvu 15.29 A Table for Estimating Power When J = 2......Page p409.djvu 15.31 Chapter Summary......Page p411.djvu 15.32 Case Study......Page p412.djvu Mastery Test......Page p414.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p416.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p419.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p420.djvu 16.2 Chi-Square Distributions......Page p422.djvu 16.3 Chi-Square Distributions with nu > 1: chi_2^2 and chi_3^2......Page p424.djvu 16.4 The Chi-Square Distribution with nu Degrees of Freedom, chi_nu^2......Page p425.djvu 16.5 Inferences about the Population Variance: H_0: sigma^2 = K......Page p426.djvu 16.6 F-Distributions......Page p428.djvu 16.7 Inferences about Two Independent Variances: H_0: sigma_1^2 = sigma_2^2......Page p430.djvu 16.8 Testing Homogeneity of Variance: Hartley's F_max Test......Page p432.djvu 16.9 Testing Homogeneity of Variance from J Independence Samples: The Bartlett Test......Page p434.djvu 16.10 Other Tests of Homogeneity of Variance: The Levene and Brown-Forsythe Tests......Page p436.djvu 16.11 Inferences about H_0: sigma_1^2 = sigma_2^2 with Paired Observations......Page p437.djvu 16.12 Relationships among the Normal, t, chi^2, and F-Distributions......Page p438.djvu 16.13 Chapter Summary......Page p439.djvu Mastery Test......Page p440.djvu Problems and Exercises,......Page p441.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p443.djvu 17.1 Introduction......Page p444.djvu 17.2 Testing All Pairs of Means: The Studentized Range Statistic, q......Page p446.djvu 17.3 The Tukey Method of Multiple Comparisons......Page p447.djvu 17.5 The Basis for Type-I Error Rate: Contrast versus Family......Page p449.djvu 17.6 The Newman-Keuls Method......Page p450.djvu 17.7 The Tukey and Newman-Keuls Methods Compared......Page p451.djvu 17.8 The Definition of a Contrast......Page p452.djvu 17.9 Simple versus Complex Contrasts......Page p453.djvu 17.10 The Standard Error of a Contrast......Page p454.djvu 17.11 The t-ratio for a Contrast......Page p455.djvu 17.13 Dunn (Bonferroni) Method of Multiple Comparisons......Page p456.djvu 17.14 Dunnett Method of Multiple Comparisons......Page p457.djvu 17.15 Scheffe Method of Multiple Comparisons......Page p458.djvu 17.16 Planned Orthogonal Contrasts......Page p459.djvu 17.17 Confidence Intervals for Contrasts......Page p460.djvu 17.18 Relative Power of Multiple Comparison Techniques......Page p461.djvu 17.19 Trend Analysis......Page p462.djvu 17.20 Significance of Trend Components......Page p464.djvu 17.21 Relation of Trends to Correlation Coefficients......Page p466.djvu 17.23 Multiple Comparisons among Other Statistics......Page p467.djvu 17.24 Chapter Summary and Criteria for Selecting a Multiple Comparison Method......Page p469.djvu 17.25 Case Study......Page p471.djvu Mastery Test......Page p474.djvu Problems......Page p476.djvu Exercises......Page p477.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p479.djvu Answers to Exercises......Page p480.djvu 18.1 Introduction......Page p482.djvu 18.2 The Meaning of Interaction......Page p483.djvu 18.3 Interaction and Generalizability: Factors Do Not Interact......Page p485.djvu 18.4 Interaction and Generalizability: Factors Interact......Page p486.djvu 18.5 Interpreting Main Effects when Interaction Is Present......Page p487.djvu 18.7 Data Layout and Notation......Page p489.djvu 18.8 A Model for the Data......Page p491.djvu 18.9 Least-Squares Estimation of the Model......Page p492.djvu 18.10 Statement of Null Hypotheses......Page p494.djvu 18.11 Sums of Squares in the Two-Factor ANOVA......Page p497.djvu 18.12 Degrees of Freedom......Page p499.djvu 18.13 Mean Squares......Page p500.djvu 18.14 Illustration of the Computation for the Two-Factor ANOVA......Page p501.djvu 18.15 Expected Values of Mean Squares......Page p503.djvu 18.16 The Distribution of the Mean Squares......Page p506.djvu 18.17 Hypothesis Tests of the Null Hypotheses......Page p509.djvu 18.18 Determining Power in Factorial Designs......Page p513.djvu 18.19 Multiple Comparisons in Factorial ANOVA Designs......Page p514.djvu 18.20 Confidence Intervals for Means in Two-Factor ANOVA......Page p516.djvu 18.22 Three-Factor ANOVA: An Illustration......Page p517.djvu 18.23 Three-Factor ANOVA Computation......Page p520.djvu 18.24 The Interpretation of Three-Factor Interactions......Page p521.djvu 18.26 How Factorial Designs Increase Power......Page p522.djvu 18.27 Factorial ANOVA with Unbalanced Designs......Page p523.djvu 18.29 Case Study and Computer Activity......Page p524.djvu Mastery Test......Page p525.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p527.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p531.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p532.djvu 19.2 The Random- Effects ANOVA Model......Page p535.djvu 19.3 Assumptions of the Random ANOVA Model......Page p537.djvu 19.4 An Example......Page p538.djvu 19.6 Mean Square Between, MS_Between......Page p539.djvu 19.7 The Variance Component, sigma_a^2......Page p540.djvu 19.8 Confidence Interval for sigma_a^2 / sigma_epsilon^2......Page p542.djvu 19.9 Summary of Random ANOVA Model......Page p543.djvu 19.10 The Mixed-Effects ANOVA Model......Page p544.djvu 19.12 Mixed-Model ANOVA Computation......Page p547.djvu 19.13 Multiple Comparisons in the Two-Factor Mixed Model......Page p550.djvu 19.14 Crossed and Nested Factors......Page p551.djvu 19.15 Computation of Sums of Squares for Nested Factors......Page p553.djvu 19.17 Degrees of Freedom for Nested Factors......Page p554.djvu 19.18 Determining Expected Mean Squares......Page p555.djvu 19.20 The Incremental Generalization Strategy: Inferential "Concentric Circles"......Page p556.djvu 19.21 Model Simplification and Pooling......Page p560.djvu 19.22 The Experimental Unit and the Observational Unit......Page p561.djvu 19.24 Case Study/Application......Page p563.djvu Mastery Test......Page p566.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p569.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p570.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p571.djvu 20.2 A Simple Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page p572.djvu 20.3 Repeated-Measures Assumptions......Page p573.djvu 20.5 Estimating Reliability via Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page p576.djvu 20.6 Repeated-Measures Designs with a Between-Subjects Factor......Page p578.djvu 20.7 Repeated-Measures ANOVA with Two Between-Subjects Factors......Page p580.djvu 20.9 Repeated-Measures ANOVA with Two Within-Subjects Factors and Two Between-Subjects Factors......Page p582.djvu 20.10 Repeated-Measures ANOVA versus MANOVA......Page p583.djvu 20.12 Case Study......Page p585.djvu Mastery Test......Page p587.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p589.djvu Answers to Mastery Test......Page p591.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p592.djvu 21.1 The Functions of ANCOVA......Page p593.djvu 21.3 ANCOVA Model......Page p594.djvu 21.5 The Adjusted Within Sum of Squares, SS'_W......Page p597.djvu 21.7 Degrees of Freedom in ANCOVA and the ANCOVA Table......Page p598.djvu 21.8 Adjusted Means, Y'_j......Page p600.djvu 21.9 Confidence Intervals and Multiple Comparisons for Adjusted Means......Page p601.djvu 21.10 ANCOVA Illustrated Graphically......Page p602.djvu 21.11 ANCOVA Assumptions......Page p604.djvu 21.12 ANCOVA Precautions......Page p605.djvu 21.13 Covarying versus Stratifying......Page p606.djvu 21.14 Chapter Summary......Page p607.djvu 21.15 Case Study......Page p608.djvu Mastery Test......Page p609.djvu Problems and Exercises......Page p610.djvu Answers to Problems and Exercises......Page p612.djvu Appendix: Tables......Page p614.djvu Table A: Area of the Unit-Normal (z) Distribution......Page p615.djvu Table B: Random Digits......Page p620.djvu Table C: Percentile Points of the t-Distribution......Page p621.djvu Table D: Percentile Points of Chi-Square Distributions......Page p623.djvu Table E: Fisher's Z-Transformation ofr......Page p625.djvu Table F: Critical Values of F......Page p626.djvu Table G: Power Curves for the F-Test......Page p634.djvu Table H: Hartley's F_max-Distribution......Page p637.djvu Table I: Critical Values of the Studentized Range Statistic: q-Distribution......Page p638.djvu Table J: Critical Values of r......Page p641.djvu Table K: Critical Values of r_ranks, Spearman's Rank Correlation......Page p642.djvu Table L: Critical t-Ratios for the Dunn (Bonferroni) Method of Multiple Comparison......Page p643.djvu Table M: Critical t-Values for the Dunnett Statistic for Comparing Treatment Means with a Control......Page p646.djvu Table N: Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials for Trend Analysis......Page p648.djvu Table O: Binomial Probabilities when pi = .5......Page p649.djvu Bibliography......Page p651.djvu Author Index......Page p665.djvu Subject Index......Page p667.djvu Disk Includes Three Data Sets For Computer Assignments That Follow Each Chapter : 1) Chapman Data Set Is From A Cholesterol Study Of 200 Adults Who Were Measured On Several Variables And Followed For Ten Years. 2) Hsb Data Set Is From The High School And Beyond Study; Achievement And Demographic Data Are Given For A National Representative Sample Of 600 High School Seniors. 3) Exercise Data Set Contains Data On 40 Persons That Pertain To Certain Exercise-related Effects Of Smoking. 1. Introduction -- 2. Variables, Measurement, Scales -- 3. Frequency Distributions And Visual Displays Of Data -- 4. Measures Of Central Tendency -- 5. Measures Of Variability -- 6. The Normal Distribution And Standard Scores -- 7. Correlation: Measures Of Relationship Between Two Variables -- 8. Regression And Prediction -- 9. Probability -- 10. Statistical Inference: Sampling And Interval Estimation -- 11. Introduction To Hypothesis Testing -- 12. Inferences About The Difference Between Two Means -- 13. Statistics For Categorical Dependent Variables: Inferences About Proportions -- 14. Inferences About Correlation Coefficients -- 15. One-factor Analysis Of Variance -- 16. Inferences About Variances -- 17. Multiple Comparisons And Trend Analysis -- 18. Two- And Three-factor Anova: An Introduction To Factorial Designs -- 19. Multi-factor Anova Designs: Random, Mixed, And Fixed Effects -- 20. Repeated-measures Anova -- 21. An Introduction To The Analysis Of Covariance. Gene V. Glass And Kenneth D. Hopkins. Data Sets Appear In Four Pc Formats To Facilitate Their Use With A Variety Of Spreadsheet And Statistics Software: 1) Ascii (text) Code (*txt), 2) Excel Format (*xls), 3) Spss For Windows Format (*sav), And 4) Spss Portable Format (*por). All Spreadsheet And Statistical Packages For The Pc Can Read One Or More Of The Above Formats. Experienced Macintosh Users Will Be Able To Read The Files And Convert Them To Mac Format. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 651-664) And Indexes.