State Fragility and State Building in Africa: Cases from Eastern and Southern Africa (United Nations University Series on Regionalism (10))

This Book Describes The Contrast Between The Strong Economic Growth And Democratization That Have Occurred In Africa And Its Stalling Political Progress. It Presents And Discusses Fragility As The Phenomenon That Has Caused The State To Remain Weak And Faltering And Has Led To At Least One Third Of The Continent's Citizens Living In Fragile States. Following The Examination Of The Drivers Of Fragility And The Impact Of Fragility On Citizens And Neighbouring States, The Book Discusses Capacity Building Approaches. This Part Shows How Effective States Can Be Built On The African Continent, A Process That Would Result In A Change From State Fragility To State Resilience. It Is Based On Lessons Learnt From Close Studies Of The Nations Where The State Has Been Most Developed In The Region, In Eastern And Southern Africa. The Book Provides And Responds To The Most Recent And Up-to-date Information On African Development And Uses Insights Of People Who Have Lived And Worked In The Continent For Most Of Their Lives. Chapter 1. Introduction. State Fragility And State Building In Africa -- Part I. Drivers Of Fragility -- Chapter 2. Kenya: The Social Foundations Of State Fragility: Challenges Of Agrowing Democracy; Otieno Aluoka -- Chapter 3. Zimbabwe: Institutionalized Corruption And State Fragility; Langtone Maunganidze -- Chapter 4. South Africa: State Fragility As State Incapacity In The Post-apartheid Era; Sifiso Ndlovu -- Part Ii. Impact Of Fragility On Citizens And Neighbouring States -- Chapter 5. Zimbabwe: The Impact Of Fragility On Social Services, 2000-2008; Norbert Musekiwa -- Chapter 6. Southern African Region: Regional Dynamics Of Fragile States -zimbabwe In The Southern Africa Region; Lee M. Habasonda -- Chapter 7. Ethiopia: Effectiveness Of Capacity Building Programs In Fragile States; Wisdom Gagakuma And Zigiju Samuel -- Chapter 8. Angola: Overcoming Resource Curse: A Post-conflict Governance Analysis; Albert Arko-cobbah And Basie Olivier -- Chapter 9. Congo Drc: State Fragility And Capacity Building In Sub-saharan Africa; Mukole Kongolo And Agostino M. Zamberia -- Chapter 10. Lesotho: Electoral Reforms And State Fragility; Oscar Gakuo Mwangi -- Chapter 11. Conclusion: From State Fragility To State Resilience; Way Forward. . Edited By Dele Olowu, Paulos Chanie. Includes Bibliographical References. Foreword 6 Endorsements 8 Contents 10 Chapter 1: Introduction: Renewed Interest in State Weakness and Fragility 12 1.1 Definition of State Fragility 13 1.2 Drivers of State Fragility 14 1.3 Classification or Typologies of Fragile States 15 1.4 Theories of Fragile States 15 1.5 Africa and the Fragile State Discourse 18 1.6 Research Project on African State Fragility 19 1.7 Towards a New Paradigm on State Fragility 20 1.8 Departure Points 21 1.9 The Structure of the Book 22 References 26 Part I: Drivers of Fragility 29 Chapter 2: The Social Foundations of State Fragility in Kenya: Challenges of a Growing Democracy 30 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Conceptual Notes on Approaches to Ethnicity 32 2.3 The Politics of Cultural Symbols 35 2.4 Isolationism and Ethnic Grievances Behind Fragility 36 2.5 Citizens in Competition, Resource Rivalry and the Politics of Fragility 39 2.6 Conclusion 45 References 46 Chapter 3: Zimbabwe: Institutionalized Corruption and State Fragility 48 3.1 Introduction and Background 48 3.2 Conceptualizing the Nexus Between Institutionalized Corruption and State Fragility 50 3.3 Institutionalized Corruption Mechanisms in Zimbabwe 52 3.3.1 Chiadzwa Diamonds 52 3.3.2 Land Redistribution 53 3.3.3 The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) 55 3.3.4 The State Security Apparatus 57 3.4 Effects of Fragility 59 3.4.1 Economic Crisis 59 3.4.2 Survival Migration 61 3.4.3 Health and Food Insecurity 62 3.4.4 Political Polarization 63 3.5 Conclusion 65 References 66 Chapter 4: State Fragility as State Incapacity: The Case of Post-apartheid South Africa 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Conceptualizing State Fragility and State Capacity 72 4.3 Key Elements or Components of ‘State Capacity’ 73 4.3.1 Bureaucratic Autonomy 73 4.4 Embeddedness in Society 74 4.5 Policy Formulation and Implementation as a Measure of State Capacity in Post-apartheid South Africa 75 4.6 The Structural Nature of Poverty, Unemployment and Inequality 75 4.6.1 Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)-(1994–1996) 77 4.6.2 From Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)-1996 82 4.6.3 Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) 88 4.7 Conclusion 91 References 93 Part II : Impact of Fragility on Citizens and Neighbouring States 97 Chapter 5: The Impact of Fragility on Social Services: The Case of Zimbabwean State, 2000–2008 98 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 Conceptual Framework: State Service Provision 100 5.3 Tracing the Trajectory of State Failure 102 5.3.1 Decline in Service Delivery in Agriculture, Education and Health 103 5.3.2 Economic and Political Factors Driving the Decline in Service Delivery 109 5.3.3 Contraction of Services and Advance in Multi-partyism 114 5.4 Conclusion 114 References 116 Chapter 6: Regional Dynamics of Fragile States: Zimbabwe in the Southern Africa Region 120 6.1 Introduction 120 6.2 Conceptual Framework 121 6.3 Overview of the Regional Dynamics of Fragility in Southern Africa 122 6.4 Linkages and Impact of State Fragility on Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa 125 6.4.1 Military and Security Linkages 126 6.4.2 Political Linkages 127 6.4.3 Social Linkages 129 6.4.4 Economic Linkages 131 6.4.5 Diplomatic Linkages 133 6.5 Conclusion 134 References 135 Part III : Capacity Building Approaches 139 Chapter 7: Effectiveness of Capacity Building Programs in Fragile States: The Ethiopia Case 140 7.1 Introduction 140 7.2 The Nexus Between Fragility, Capacity Building and Resilience 141 7.3 Effectiveness of Inputs for Capacity Building 144 7.3.1 Resource Mobilization and Allocation for Capacity Building 144 7.3.2 Governance Related Inputs to Capacity Building 145 7.4 Effectiveness of the Process of Capacity Building 146 7.4.1 Methods for Initiation and Execution of Capacity Building 146 7.4.2 Effectiveness in Creating Strategic Partnership with Stakeholders 147 7.4.3 Effectiveness of the Monitoring and Evaluation Process 148 7.5 Assessment of Intermediate Outcomes 149 7.5.1 Human, Organizational and Institutional Development and Strengthening 150 7.5.2 Assessment of Public Sector Management and Service Delivery 154 7.6 Assessment of Outcomes of the Capacity Building Programs 155 7.6.1 Effectiveness of the Economy 155 7.6.2 Distribution of Benefits and Costs of Economic Growth 156 7.6.3 Political Institutions and Respect for Societal Values 156 7.6.4 Provision of Social Services: Health and Education 159 7.6.5 Addressing the Needs of Marginalized Groups Particularly Women 160 7.7 Current Fragility Status of Ethiopia and Reasons for Fragility 161 7.8 Conclusions 162 References 164 Chapter 8: The Dynamics of State Fragility in Angola 168 8.1 Introduction 168 8.2 Resource Curse in Angola: A Literature Review 169 8.3 Angola’s War of Independence, the Subsequent Internal Conflict and Fragility 171 8.3.1 Breakdown of Peace Agreements and Post-colonial Political Institutions 172 8.3.2 MPLA’s Hegemonic Domination 173 8.4 Governance and Fragility 175 8.4.1 Civil Society and Fragility 177 8.4.2 Access to Information and Fragility 179 8.4.3 Services and Goods Delivery 180 8.5 Angola’s Resource Curse Situation: Is the End in Sight? 181 References 184 Chapter 9: State Fragility and Capacity Building in Sub-­Saharan Africa: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo 187 9.1 Introduction 187 9.2 Conceptualizing State Fragility, State and Civil Society 188 9.3 The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 189 9.3.1 Brief Historical Background 189 9.3.2 The Socioeconomic Context 190 9.4 The Drivers of State Fragility in the DRC 191 9.4.1 Historical Roots of State Fragility 191 9.4.1.1 Congo Under Belgian Rule 191 9.4.1.2 Zaire Under Mobutu Sese Seko 192 9.4.1.3 The DRC Under Laurent Kabila 193 9.4.2 Protracted Ethnic Strife and Civil War 193 9.4.3 Mineral Wealth 194 9.4.4 Failure to Build National Consciousness 195 9.4.5 Weak Local and National Governance Structures 195 9.5 The Civil Society in the DRC 196 9.5.1 Peace Building and Consolidation of Democracy 197 9.5.2 Provision of Education 200 9.5.3 Development of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 201 9.5.4 Civil Society Organizations and Provision of Health Care Services 203 9.6 Conclusion 206 References 208 Chapter 10: State Fragility and Electoral Reforms in Lesotho 212 10.1 Introduction 212 10.2 State Fragility and Electoral Systems 214 10.3 Electoral Conflict in Lesotho 217 10.3.1 State Fragility and the MMP in Lesotho 220 10.3.1.1 Pre-electoral Political Party Alliances 222 10.3.1.2 Electoral Formula 226 10.3.1.3 Electoral Results 227 10.4 Conclusion 230 References 232 Part IV : Conclusion 236 Chapter 11: From State Fragility to State Resilience-Way Forward 237 11.1 Introduction 237 11.2 Overview of Country Case Experiences 238 11.3 Way Forward 241 11.4 Institutional Reform Agenda 244 References 250 This book describes the contrast between the strong economic growth and democratization that have occurred in Africa and its stalling political progress, presenting fragility as the phenomenon that has caused the state to remain weak and faltering. Following the examination of the drivers of fragility and the impact of fragility on citizens and neighbouring states, the book discusses capacity building approaches, that would result in a change from state fragility to state resilience. Contributions are based on lessons learnt from stronger African states, in Eastern and Southern Africa. Contents: Introduction: state fragility and state building in Africa (Dele Oluwe and Paulos Chanie). Part I Drivers of fragility. The social foundations of state fragility in Kenya: challenges of a growing democracy (Otieno Aluoka); Zimbabwe: institutionalized corruption and state fragility (Langtone Maunganidze); State fragility as state incapacity: the case of post-apartheid South Africa (Sifiso Ndlovu). Part II Impact of fragility on citizens and neighbouring states. The impact of fragility on social services: the case of Zimbabwean state, 2000-2008 (Norbert Musekiwa); Regional dynamics of fragile states: Zimbabwe in the southern Africa region (Lee M. Habasonda). Part III Capacity building approaches. Effectiveness of capacity building programs in fragile states: the Ethiopian case (Wisdom Gagakuma and Zigiju Samuel); The dynamics of state fragility in Angola (Albert Arko-Cobbah and Basie Olivier); State fragility and capacity building in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo (Mukole Kongolo and Agostino M. Zamberia); State fragility and electoral reforms in Lesotho (Oscar Gakuo Mwangi). Part IV Conclusion. From state fragility to state resilience: way forward (Dele Oluwu) Front Matter....Pages i-x Introduction: Renewed Interest in State Weakness and Fragility....Pages 1-17 Front Matter....Pages 19-19 The Social Foundations of State Fragility in Kenya: Challenges of a Growing Democracy....Pages 21-38 Zimbabwe: Institutionalized Corruption and State Fragility....Pages 39-60 State Fragility as State Incapacity: The Case of Post-apartheid South Africa....Pages 61-87 Front Matter....Pages 89-89 The Impact of Fragility on Social Services: The Case of Zimbabwean State, 2000–2008....Pages 91-112 Regional Dynamics of Fragile States: Zimbabwe in the Southern Africa Region....Pages 113-131 Front Matter....Pages 133-133 Effectiveness of Capacity Building Programs in Fragile States: The Ethiopia Case....Pages 135-162 The Dynamics of State Fragility in Angola....Pages 163-181 State Fragility and Capacity Building in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo....Pages 183-207 State Fragility and Electoral Reforms in Lesotho....Pages 209-232 Front Matter....Pages 233-233 From State Fragility to State Resilience-Way Forward....Pages 235-249