Stasis and Stability: Exile, the Polis, and Political Thought, c. 404-146 BC (Oxford Classical Monographs)

The continued vitality of the Greek city ( polis ) in the centuries after the Peloponnesian War has now been richly demonstrated by historians. But how does that vitality relate to the prominence in the same period of both civic unrest, or stasis , and utopian political thinking? In order to address this question, this volume uses exile and exiles as a lens for investigating the later Classical and Hellenistic polis and the political ideas which shaped it. The issue of the political and ethical status of exile and exiles necessarily raised fundamental questions about civic inclusion and exclusion, closely bound up with basic ideas of justice, virtue, and community. This makes it possible to interpret the varied evidence for exile as a guide to the complex, dynamic ecology of political ideas within the later Classical and post-Classical civic world, including both taken-for-granted political assumptions and more developed political ideologies and philosophies. In the course of its investigation, Stasis and Stability discusses the rich evidence for varied forms of expulsion and reintegration of citizens of poleis across the Mediterranean, analysing the full range of relevant civic institutions, practices, and debates. It also investigates civic activity and ideology outside the polis , addressing the complex and diverse political organization, agitation, and ideas of exiles themselves. Using this evidence, the volume develops an argument that the rich Greek civic political culture and political thought of this period were marked by significant extremes, contradictions, and indeterminacies in ideas about the relative value of solidarity and reciprocity, self-sacrifice and self-interest. Those features of the polis ' political culture and political thought are integral to explaining both civic unrest and civic flourishing, both stasis and stability. Cover Stasis and Stability: Exile, the Polis, and Political Thought, c.404–146 BC Copyright Preface Contents List of Tables Conventions and Abbreviations Introduction 1. EXILE AND IDEAS OF CIVIC VIRTUE: TWO SECOND-CENTURY BC EXAMPLES 2. THE SUBJECT AND ARGUMENT OF THIS BOOK 3. GEOGRAPHICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL SCOPE 4. THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL CULTURE 4.1. The Nature of Political Culture 4.2. The Relationship between Political Culture and Political Action 4.3. Studying Political Culture through Interpretation 5. EXILE AND EXILES AS A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE POLITICAL CULTURES OF GREEK POLEIS 6. RECENT DEBATES ABOUT THE POLITICAL CULTURES OF THE LATER CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC POLIS, AND THIS BOOK’S RESPONSE TO THEM 1: Two Modes of Greek Civic Politics: the ‘Nakonian’ and the ‘Dikaiopolitan’ 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE ‘NAKONIAN’ PARADIGM 3. THE ‘DIKAIOPOLITAN’ PARADIGM 4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO PARADIGMS 4.1. The Two Paradigms as Political Poles, Equally Divergent from a Proto-Kantian Middle 4.2. Tensions between Civic Commitment and Strict Reciprocity 4.3. The Ambiguities of Greek Political Vocabulary: Slippage between the Paradigms 4.4. The Paradigms as a Dialectical Pair 5. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTUS 2: Inclusion and Political Culture: Projects of Civic Reconciliation and Reintegration beyond Nakone and Dikaia 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BIPARTISAN SETTLEMENTS AFTER STASIS, WITH REINTEGRATION OF EXILES 2.1. Predominantly ‘Nakonian’ Reconciliations: Mytilene and Athens 2.2. Predominantly ‘Dikaiopolitan’ Reconciliations: Tegea and Telos 3. PHILOSOPHICAL RESPONSES TO STASIS AND EXILE: ARISTOTLE’S APPROACH AS CASE-STUDY 4. CONCLUSION 3: Exclusion and Political Culture: Greek Arguments for Exile 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CATEGORIES OF LAWFUL CITIZEN EXPULSION AND EXCLUSION: OSTRACISM, EXILE, OUTLAWRY, AND DISENFRANCHISEMENT 3. IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT GREEK ARGUMENTS FOR LAWFUL CITIZEN EXPULSION AND EXCLUSION 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Exile, Ostracism, and Outlawry as Instruments of Social Regulation 3.3. ‘Nakonian’ Arguments for Exile 3.4. ‘Dikaiopolitan’ Arguments for Exile 4. CONCLUSION 4: Paradigms in Action ‘Nakonian’ and ‘Dikaiopolitan’ Political Interaction and Debate 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE COEXISTENCE OF ‘NAKONIAN’ AND ‘DIKAIOPOLITAN’ NORMS AS A KEY TO CIVIC FLOURISHING: CLASSICAL ATHENS AND HELLENISTIC ASIA MINOR 3. GREEK MODES OF CONSTRUCTIVE POLITICAL RHETORIC AND COMMUNICATION: CONSENSUS WITHOUT PROTO-KANTIANISM 4. CITIZEN INTERACTIONS AND RHETORIC IN CLASSICAL ATHENIAN DISPUTES INVOLVING ATTEMPTS AT EXILING 5. CONCLUSION 5: Expulsion through Stasis and Civic Political Cultures 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Approaches to Exclusionary Stasis and Civil War 1.2. Civic Political Cultures as Causes of Stasis 2. STASIS IN FOURTH-CENTURY PHLIUS 2.1. Narrative of Early Fourth-Century Phliasian Stasis and Exilings 2.2. Overview of Existing Scholarly Explanations of Ongoing Phliasian Stasis 2.3. The Influence of Norms of Civic Voluntarism 2.4. The Clash between Oligarchic ‘Dikaiopolitan’ Arguments and Democratic ‘Nakonian’ Arguments 2.5. The Two Sides’ Rival Syntheses of Conflicting Political Imperatives 2.6. Conclusion: Phliasian Political Culture and Rival Notions of Phlius as a Sparta-in-Microcosm 3. OTHER REVEALING CASE-STUDIES: CLASSICAL ATHENS AND BEYOND 3.1. Broader Trends 3.2. The Large-Scale Expulsion of Athenian Citizens in 404–3 3.3. The Large-Scale Disenfranchisement of Athenian Citizens in 322–318 4. WHOLEHEARTED ‘DIKAIOPOLITANISM’ AND EXCLUSIONARY STASIS 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Nature, Freedom, and Exclusionary Stasis 4.3. Strict Reciprocity and Exclusionary Stasis 4.4. Hellenistic Changes: Property, Contracts, Debt, and Oligarchic ‘Dikaiopolitanism’ 5. SINGLE-MINDED ‘NAKONIANISM’ AND EXCLUSIONARY STASIS 5.1. Introduction: Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Exclusionary Stasis 5.2. Concrete ‘Nakonianism’ and Exclusionary Collapses of Athenian Civic Order 5.2.1. Introduction 5.2.2. Democratic ‘Nakonianism’ 5.2.3. Oligarchic ‘Nakonianism’ 5.2.4. The Corollary of Concrete ‘Nakonianism’: Stigmatization of Opponents as Vicious Anti-Citizens 5.3. Explosive ‘Nakonian’ Specificity outside Athens: Ομόνοια, Tyranny, and Exile 5.3.1. Rival Visions of ̆ˇ ØÆ in Hellenistic Iasos 5.3.2. Concrete ‘Nakonian’ Visions as Provocations: Corinth, Phigaleia, Delos 5.3.3. ‘Nakonian’ Visions as Direct Motivations for Exclusionary Interventions: Syracuse, Sikyon, and Tendentious Charges of Tyranny 5.4. Explanations for Divergent ‘Nakonian’ Visions 6. GREEK SYNTHESES OF ‘NAKONIAN’ AND ‘DIKAIOPOLITAN’ IMPERATIVES: STASIS IDEOLOGIES AS THE INVERSE OF EUDAIMONISM 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Oligarchic Cases 6.2.1. Resolution of Subjective ‘Dikaiopolitan’ and ‘Nakonian’ Impulses 6.2.2. Resolution of Objective Contradictions between ‘Dikaiopolitan’ and ‘Nakonian’ Norms 6.3. Democratic Cases 7. CONCLUSION 6: Citizens in Exile as a Lens for Interpreting Civic Political Cultures 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PROBLEMS WITH THE EVIDENCE: UTOPIAN AND DYSTOPIAN PRESENTATIONS OF DISPLACED CITIZENS IN POLEIS’ PUBLIC DISCOURSE AND IN LITERARY WORKS 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The Representation of Displaced Citizens in the Public Discourse of Their Home Poleis 2.3. Representations of Exiles in the Public Discourse of Host Poleis 2.4. Commemoration of the Political Activities and Identities of Exiles after Their Return Home 2.5. Historiographical and Philosophical Representations of Exiles 2.6. Conclusion 3. EXILES’ ‘LIMINAL’ QUASI-CIVIC IDENTITIES AND BEHAVIOUR 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Varieties of Liminal Exilic Habitat 3.3. The Varieties of Quasi-Civic Political Behaviour and Identity of Liminal Exiles 3.3.1. Citizens-in-Exile: Voluntarism and Political Activism 3.3.2. Mobilized Anti-Citizens 3.3.3. ‘Refugee’ Identity and Politicized Humanitarian Norms 3.4. Conclusion 4. THE CHOICE BETWEEN LIMINAL AND ‘EMIGRANT’ QUASI-CIVIC BEHAVIOUR AND IDENTITIES IN EXILE 4.1. Rival Choices within Exile Communities 4.2. Criticism of Liminality and the Suspension of Civilization 4.2.1. The Seventh Letter Attributed to Plato: the Superiority of Philosophical Exile over Ongoing Struggle 4.2.2. Diodorus, Deinokrates, and Timaeus: Political Corruption and Civilization in Exile 4.3. Conclusion 5. EXILES’ ‘EMIGRANT’ CIVIC OR QUASI-CIVIC IDENTITIES AND BEHAVIOUR 5.1. Introduction 5.2. New City Foundations by Exiles: Sources of Political Consciousness 5.3. Integration into a Host Polis: Naturalization and Civic Identities 5.4. Non-Assimilated Displaced Settlers in Host Poleis 5.4.1. Introduction 5.4.2. ‘Odyssean’ Identities and Social Organization: Preserving ‘Nakonian’ Habits in the Face of Centrifugal Tendencies 5.4.3. ‘Emigrant’ Exiles’ Cosmopolitan Communities, Quasi-Communities, and Identities: Reinventing Political Community 5.4.4. Contrasting Views about Citizenship among ‘Emigrant’ Exiles: Zeno, the Polis of the Virtuous, and the Kitians in Athens 5.5. Conclusion 6. CONCLUSION 6.1. Exile Groups and Individual Exiles: Xenophon as Case-Study 6.2. The Features of Civic Political Cultures Revealed by Exiles’ Behaviour and Identities 6.3. Effects of Exile Conclusion 1. THE NATURE, HETEROGENEITY, AND CONTRADICTIONS OF LATER CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC CIVIC POLITICAL CULTURES 2. VARIETIES OF GREEK INDIVIDUALISM 3. THE PARTICULAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREEK CIVIC POLITICAL CULTURES AND GREEK CITIZENS’ INDIVIDUAL AGENCY 4. GREEK CIVIC POLITICAL CULTURES AND EXCLUSIONARY STASIS 5. THE UNIFORMITY ACROSS SPACE AND PERSISTENCE ACROSS TIME OF GREEK CIVIC POLITICAL CULTURES AND THEIR CONTRADICTIONS Bibliography Index of Important Greek Words and Concepts Index of Passages Discussed Index of Subjects This Study Uses Exile And Exiles As A Lens For Investigating The Later Classical And Hellenistic Polis And The Political Ideas Which Shaped It. It Discusses The Rich Evidence For Varied Forms Of Expulsion And Reintegration Of Citizens Of Poleis Across The Mediterranean, Analysing The Full Range Of Relevant Civic Institutions, Practices And Debates. It Also Investigates Civic Activity And Ideology Outside The Polis, Addressing The Complex And Diverse Political Organisation, Agitation And Ideas Of Exiles Themselves. Benjamin Gray. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.