راهنمایی‌های استاندارد برای شارژ مصنوعی آب‌های زیرزمینی

"These Standard Guidelines describe the steps necessary to plan, design, construct, maintain, operate, and close a project for artificial recharge of ground water. They also describe the economic, environmental, and legal considerations, including water rights, laws, and regulations, as well as field investigation and testing procedures that may apply to all the preceding steps. The recharge may be accomplished either by applying water to the ground surface for infiltration or by placing it directly into aquifers through wells. These guidelines cover situations that may occur in many different types of projects and can be applied to basic or small projects by selecting the portions of these guidelines that are appropriate to the proposed project."--Jacket Content: 1.3 Ground Water and Ground Water Management Concepts 1 -- 1.3.1 Ground Water Occurrence 1 -- 1.3.2 Ground Water Quality 2 -- 1.4 Ground Water Recharge Concepts 2 -- 1.4.2 Methods of Recharge 3 -- 1.4.2.1 Surface infiltration 3 -- 1.4.2.2 Recharge through wells 4 -- 1.4.2.3 Other recharge methods 4 -- 1.4.3 Sources of Recharge Water 4 -- 1.4.4 Recapture of Recharge 5 -- 1.4.5 Water Quality Issues 5 -- 1.5 Organization of the Report 6 -- 2.0 Planning 7 -- 2.1 Preliminary Activities 9 -- 2.1.1 Determine Water Supply Needs 9 -- 2.1.2 Public Involvement 9 -- 2.1.2.1 Public acceptance of recharged ground water 9 -- 2.1.2.2 Public understanding of artificial recharge 10 -- 2.1.3 Determine Recharge Objectives 10 -- 2.2 Data Collection 10 -- 2.2.1 Physical Data 11 -- 2.2.2 Non-Physical Data 11 -- 2.2.3 Data Organization 11 -- 2.3 Evaluate Resources 11 -- 2.3.1 Evaluate Quantity and Quality of Available Source Waters 12 -- 2.3.1.1 Accessibility of potable water sources 13 -- 2.3.1.2 Long-term availability of water sources 13 -- 2.3.1.3 Legal and Environmental Restraints 13 -- 2.3.1.4 Cost vs. quality 13 -- 2.3.1.5 Reclaimed water as a source 13 -- 2.3.2 Evaluation of Ground Water Resource 13 -- 2.3.2.1 Amount of available storage 14 -- 2.3.2.2 Upper and lower operating ground water level limits 14 -- 2.3.2.3 Water quality 15 -- 2.3.2.4 Requirement for treatment of source waters 15 -- 2.3.3 Inventory of Possible Recharge Sites 15 -- 2.4 Preliminary Studies 15 -- 2.4.1 Hydrogeology 15 -- 2.4.2 Geochemical 17 -- 2.4.3 Environment 18 -- 2.4.4 Preliminary Modeling 18 -- 2.4.5 Laws, Regulations, and Water Rights 18 -- 2.5 Types of Recharge and Recovery Facilities 18 -- 2.5.1 Surface Recharge 18 -- 2.5.1.1 Earth dikes 20 -- 2.5.1.2 Inflatable fabric dams 21 -- 2.5.1.3 Flashboard dams 23 -- 2.5.2 Subsurface Recharge 23 -- 2.5.2.1 Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) wells 24 -- 2.5.2.2 Recharge through vandose zone (dry) wells 26 -- 2.5.3 Appurtenances 26 -- 2.6 Potential Problems 26 -- 2.7 Conceptual Plan 26 -- 2.7.1 Surface Infiltration Concepts 27 -- 2.7.2 Soil-Aquifer Treatment Process 28 -- 2.7.3 Recharge Well Concepts 28 -- 2.7.4 Reclaimed Waste Water Recharge Concepts 30 -- 2.7.5 Site Conditions 32 -- 2.7.5.1 Conditions surrounding site 32 -- 2.7.5.2 Surface and subsurface conditions 33 -- 2.7.6 Regulatory Requirements 34 -- 2.7.7 Conceptual Site Plans 34 -- 2.7.7.1 Develop alternative plans 34 -- 2.7.7.2 Public involvement 35 -- 2.7.7.3 Select plans for additional study 35 -- 2.7.7.4 Determine additional data required 35 -- 2.7.7.5 Conceptual plan report 35 -- 3.0 Field Investigations and Field Testing 35 -- 3.1 Surface Exploration 36 -- 3.2 Subsurface Exploration 36 -- 3.3 Hydraulic Parameters 36 -- 3.4 Water Quality 37 -- 3.5 Site and Environmental Values 37 -- 4.0 Design 37 -- 4.1 Preliminary Design 37 -- 4.1.1 Design Criteria for Surface Facilities 37 -- 4.1.2 Design Criteria for Subsurface Facilities 38 -- 4.1.3 Formalize Alternative Plans 40 -- 4.1.4 Testing by Modeling 40 -- 4.1.5 Testing by Pilot Project 42 -- 4.1.6 Cost, Yields, and Quality 43 -- 4.1.7 Environmental Studies 43 -- 4.1.8 Evaluate Alternative Plans 43 -- 4.1.8.1 Public participation 43 -- 4.1.8.2 Economic consideration 43 -- 4.1.8.3 Data needs assessment and collection 43 -- 4.1.8.4 Laws, regulations, and water rights 44 -- 4.1.8.5 Select best alternative 44 -- 4.1.9 Reports 44 -- 4.1.10 Public Hearings 44 -- 4.2 Final Design 44 -- 4.2.1 Environmental Update 44 -- 4.2.2 Project Life 44 -- 4.2.3 Availability of Sources 44 -- 4.2.4 Project Operation and Maintenance Plan 44 -- 4.2.5 Draft Final Report 45 -- 4.2.6 Public Hearing Process 45 -- 4.3.7 Handling of Objections 45 -- 4.2.8 Final Report 45 -- 4.2.9 Periodic Review Schedule 45 -- 5.0 Regulatory and Water Rights Issues 45 -- 5.2 Water Rights 46 -- 5.3 Legal Issues 46 -- 5.4 Institutional Constraints 46 -- 6.0 Environmental Issues 47 -- 6.1 Environmental Assessments, Statements, and Reviews 47 -- 6.2 Addressing Environmental and Social Issues 48 -- 6.3 Potential Positive Environmental Effects 49 -- 7.0 Economics 49 -- 7.1 Costs 50 -- 7.1.1 Land Acquisition Costs 50 -- 7.1.2 Right-of-Way Acquisition Costs 50 -- 7.1.3 Planning Costs 50 -- 7.1.4 Engineering Costs 51 -- 7.1.5 Construction Costs 51 -- 7.1.6 Operation and Maintenance Costs 51 -- 7.1.7 Contingency Costs 51 -- 7.1.8 Permit and Legal Costs 51 -- 7.1.9 Replacement Costs 51 -- 7.1.10 Decommissioning Costs 51 -- 7.2 Financial Analyses 52 -- 8.0 Construction 52 -- 8.1 Recharge Well Drilling Techniques 52 -- 8.1.1 Cable Tool 52 -- 8.1.2 Conventional Mud Rotary 53 -- 8.1.3 Reverse Circulation Rotary 53 -- 8.1.4 Air Rotary 53 -- 8.2 Construction Chronology 53 -- 8.2.1 Mobilization 53 -- 8.2.2 Setting Surface Casings 53 -- 8.2.3 Pilot Hole Drilling 53 -- 8.2.4 Logging 54 -- 8.2.5 Water Quality Sampling 54 -- 8.2.6 Reaming 54 -- 8.2.7 Installing Casing and Screen 54 -- 8.2.8 Gravel Pack 54 -- 8.2.9 Annular Seal 54 -- 8.2.10 Development and Redevelopment 54 -- 8.2.11 Pump Testing 55 -- 8.2.12 Other Activities 55 -- 8.2.13 Demobilization 55 -- 8.3 Construction Records 55 -- 9.0 Startup 56 -- 9.1 Startup Procedures 56 -- 9.2 Operation Procedures 56 -- 9.3 Well Shutdown Procedures 58 -- 10.0 Operation, Maintenance, and Closure 59 -- 10.2 Operator Training 59 -- 10.3 Record Keeping 60 -- 10.4 Operational Data Requirements 60 -- 10.4.1 Water Level Measurement 61 -- 10.4.2 Water Quality Measurement 61 -- 10.5 Tracking Operation of Facilities 61 -- 10.6 Preventive Maintenance 62 -- 10.6.1 Maintenance of Surface Recharge Facilities 62 -- 10.6.2 Maintenance of Recharge and ASR Wells 64 -- 10.6.3 Corrosion Protection 65 -- 10.7 Potential Problems 65 -- 10.7.1 Clogging of Surface Recharge Facilities 65 -- 10.7.2 Clogging of Recharge Wells 66 -- 10.7.2.1 Suspended material 67 -- 10.7.2.2 Chemical reaction 68 -- 10.7.2.3 Air binding 68 -- 10.7.3 Clogging of a Vandose Zone (Dry) Well 68 -- 10.7.4 Water Depth 69 -- 10.7.5 Depth to Ground Water 69 -- 10.7.6 Unfavorable Soil Conditions 69 -- 10.7.7 Odors and Vectors 69 -- 10.7.8 Health Effects 69 -- 10.7.9 Environmental 70 -- 10.7.10 Ground Water Mounding 70 -- 10.7.11 Leakage Around Dikes and Foundations 71 -- 10.7.12 Fabric and Flashboard Dams 71 -- 10.7.13 Sand Production 72 -- 10.7.14 Sustainability of Soil-Aquifer Treatment 72 -- 10.7.15 Hydro-Fracturing 72 -- 10.7.16 Other Problems 73 -- 10.8 Water Quality 73 -- 10.8.1 Pretreatment 74 -- 10.8.2 Chemical Treatment 74 -- 10.8.3 Sedimentation 75 -- 10.8.4 Grass-Soil Filter 75 -- 10.8.5 Soil-Aquifer Treatment 75 -- 10.8.6 Constructed Wetlands 76 -- 10.8.7 Postrecharge Treatment 76 -- 10.9 On-Site Management 76 -- 10.9.1 Removal of Clogging Layer 76 -- 10.9.2 Redevelopment of Recharge Well 76 -- 10.9.3 Vadose Zone (Dry) Well Operation 77 -- 10.9.4 Correction of Sand Production 77 -- 10.9.5 Mounding 78 -- 10.9.6 Duration and Sequencing 78 -- 10.10 Facility Closure or Abandonment 78 -- Appendix D Sample Environmental Checklist 99 -- Appendix E Metric-English Conversion Factors 102. Describes the steps necessary to plan, design, construct, maintain, operate, and close a project for artificial recharge of ground water. This title also describes the economic, environmental, and legal considerations, including water rights, laws, and regulations, as well as field investigation and testing procedures.