SQL Injection Attacks and Defense

SQL injection represents one of the most dangerous and well-known, yet misunderstood, security vulnerabilities on the Internet, largely because there is no central repository of information to turn to for help. This is the only book devoted exclusively to this long-established but recently growing threat. It includes all the currently known information about these attacks and significant insight from its contributing team of SQL injection experts. \* What is SQL injection? — Understand what it is and how it works \* Find, confirm, and automate SQL injection discovery \* Discover tips and tricks for finding SQL injection within the code \* Create exploits using SQL injection \* Design to avoid the dangers of these attacks Front Cover 1 SQL Injectgion Attacks and Defense 2 Copyright Page 3 Lead Author and Techinical Editior 4 Contributing Authors 5 Contents 10 Chapter 1: What Is SQL Injection? 22 Introduction 23 Understanding How Web Applications Work 23 A Simple Application Architecture 25 A More Complex Architecture 26 Understanding SQL Injection 27 High-Profile Examples 31 Understanding How It Happens 34 Dynamic String Building 34 Incorrectly Handled Escape Characters 35 Incorrectly Handled Types 36 Incorrectly Handled Query Assembly 38 Incorrectly Handled Errors 39 Incorrectly Handled Multiple Submissions 40 Insecure Database Configuration 42 Summary 45 Solutions Fast Track 45 Frequently Asked Questions 47 Chapter 2: Testing for SQL Injection 22 Introduction 51 Finding SQL Injection 51 Testing by Inference 52 Identifying Data Entry 52 GET Requests 52 POST Requests 53 Other Injectable Data 56 Manipulating Parameters 57 Information Workflow 60 Database Errors 61 Commonly Displayed SQL Errors 62 Microsoft SQL Server Errors 62 MySQL Errors 67 Oracle Errors 70 Application Response 72 Generic Errors 72 HTTP Code Errors 75 Different Response Sizes 76 Blind Injection Detection 77 Confirming SQL Injection 81 Differentiating Numbers and Strings 82 Inline SQL Injection 83 Injecting Strings Inline 83 Injecting Numeric Values Inline 86 Terminating SQL Injection 89 Database Comment Syntax 90 Using Comments 91 Executing Multiple Statements 95 Time Delays 100 Automating SQL Injection Discovery 101 Tools for Automatically Finding SQL Injection 102 HP WebInspect 102 IBM Rational AppScan 104 HP Scrawlr 106 SQLiX 108 Paros Proxy 109 Summary 112 Solutions Fast Track 112 Frequently Asked Questions 114 Chapter 3: Reviewing Code for SQL Injection 116 Introduction 117 Reviewing Source Code for SQL Injection 117 Dangerous Coding Behaviors 119 Dangerous Functions 126 Following the Data 130 Following Data in PHP 131 Following Data in Java 135 Following Data in C# 136 Reviewing PL/SQL and T-SQL Code 138 Automated Source Code Review 145 Yet Another Source Code Analyzer (YASCA) 146 Pixy 147 AppCodeScan 148 Lapse 148 Security Compass Web Application Analysis Tool (SWAAT) 149 Microsoft Source Code Analyzer for SQL Injection 149 Microsoft Code Analysis Tool .NET (CAT.NET) 150 Commercial Source Code Review Tools 150 Ounce 152 Fortify Source Code Analyzer 152 CodeSecure 153 Summary 154 Solutions Fast Track 154 Frequently Asked Questions 156 Chapter 4: Exploiting SQL Injection 158 Introduction 159 Understanding Common Exploit Techniques 160 Using Stacked Queries 162 Identifying the Database 163 Non-Blind Fingerprint 163 Banner Grabbing 165 Blind Fingerprint 167 Extracting Data through UNION Statements 169 Matching Columns 170 Matching Data Types 172 Using Conditional Statements 177 Approach 1: Time-based 178 Approach 2: Error-based 180 Approach 3: Content-based 182 Working with Strings 182 Extending the Attack 184 Using Errors for SQL Injection 185 Error Messages in Oracle 188 Enumerating the Database Schema 191 SQL Server 192 MySQL 198 Oracle 201 Escalating Privileges 204 SQL Server 205 Privilege Escalation on Unpatched Servers 210 Oracle 211 Stealing the Password Hashes 213 SQL Server 213 MySQL 215 Oracle 215 Oracle Components 217 APEX 217 Oracle Internet Directory 218 Out-of-Band Communication 219 E-mail 220 Microsoft SQL Server 220 Oracle 223 HTTP/DNS 224 File System 224 SQL Server 225 MySQL 228 Oracle 229 Automating SQL Injection Exploitation 229 Sqlmap 229 Sqlmap Example 231 Bobcat 232 BSQL 233 Other Tools 236 Summary 236 Solutions Fast Track 237 Frequently Asked Questions 239 Chapter 5: Blind SQL Injection Exploitation 240 Introduction 241 Finding and Confirming Blind SQL Injection 242 Forcing Generic Errors 242 Injecting Queries with Side Effects 243 Splitting and Balancing 243 Common Blind SQL Injection Scenarios 246 Blind SQL Injection Techniques 246 Inference Techniques 247 Increasing the Complexity of Inference Techniques 251 Alternative Channel Techniques 255 Using Time-Based Techniques 256 Delaying Database Queries 256 MySQL Delays 256 Generic MySQL Binary Search Inference Exploits 258 Generic MySQL Bit-by-Bit Inference Exploits 258 SQL Server Delays 259 Generic SQL Server Binary Search Inference Exploits 261 Generic SQL Server Bit-by-Bit Inference Exploits 261 Oracle Delays 261 Time-Based Inference Considerations 262 Using Response-Based Techniques 263 MySQL Response Techniques 263 SQL Server Response Techniques 265 Oracle Response Techniques 267 Returning More Than One Bit of Information 268 Using Alternative Channels 270 Database Connections 271 DNS Exfiltration 272 E-mail Exfiltration 276 HTTP Exfiltration 277 Automating Blind SQL Injection Exploitation 279 Absinthe 279 BSQL Hacker 281 SQLBrute 284 Sqlninja 285 Squeeza 286 Summary 288 Solutions Fast Track 288 Frequently Asked Questions 291 Chapter 6: Exploiting the Operating System 292 Introduction 293 Accessing the File System 294 Reading Files 294 MySQL 295 Microsoft SQL Server 301 Oracle 310 Writing Files 312 MySQL 313 Microsoft SQL Server 316 Oracle 321 Executing Operating System Commands 322 Direct Execution 322 Oracle 322 DBMS_SCHEDULER 323 PL/SQL Native 323 Other Possibilities 324 Alter System Set Events 324 PL/SQL Native 9i 324 Buffer Overflows 325 Custom Application Code 325 MySQL 325 Microsoft SQL Server 326 Consolidating Access 330 Summary 333 Solutions Fast Track 333 Frequently Asked Questions 335 Endnotes 336 Chapter 7: Advanced Topics 338 Introduction 339 Evading Input Filters 339 Using Case Variation 340 Using SQL Comments 340 Using URL Encoding 341 Using Dynamic Query Execution 343 Using Null Bytes 344 Nesting Stripped Expressions 345 Exploiting Truncation 345 Bypassing Custom Filters 347 Using Non-Standard Entry Points 348 Exploiting Second-Order SQL Injection 350 Finding Second-Order Vulnerabilities 353 Using Hybrid Attacks 356 Leveraging Captured Data 356 Creating Cross-Site Scripting 356 Running Operating System Commands on Oracle 357 Exploiting Authenticated Vulnerabilities 358 Summary 359 Solutions Fast Track 359 Frequently Asked Questions 361 Chapter 8: Code-Level Defenses 362 Introduction 363 Using Parameterized Statements 363 Parameterized Statements in Java 365 Parameterized Statements in .NET (C#) 366 Parameterized Statements in PHP 368 Parameterized Statements in PL/SQL 369 Validating Input 370 Whitelisting 370 Blacklisting 372 Validating Input in Java 374 Validating Input in .NET 375 Validating Input in PHP 375 Encoding Output 376 Encoding to the Database 376 Encoding for Oracle 377 Oracle dbms_assert 378 Encoding for Microsoft SQL Server 380 Encoding for MySQL 381 Canonicalization 383 Canonicalization Approaches 384 Working with Unicode 385 Designing to Avoid the Dangers of SQL Injection 386 Using Stored Procedures 387 Using Abstraction Layers 388 Handling Sensitive Data 389 Avoiding Obvious Object Names 390 Setting Up Database Honeypots 391 Additional Secure Development Resources 392 Summary 394 Solutions Fast Track 394 Frequently Asked Questions 396 Chapter 9: Platform-Level Defenses 398 Introduction 399 Using Runtime Protection 399 Web Application Firewalls 400 Using ModSecurity 401 Configurable Rule Set 401 Request Coverage 404 Request Normalization 404 Response Analysis 405 Intrusion Detection Capabilities 406 Intercepting Filters 407 Web Server Filters 407 Application Filters 410 Implementing the Filter Pattern in Scripted Languages 411 Filtering Web Service Messages 412 Non-Editable versus Editable Input Protection 412 URL/Page-Level Strategies 413 Page Overriding 413 URL Rewriting 414 Resource Proxying/Wrapping 414 Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) 414 Application Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) 415 Database Firewall 415 Securing the Database 416 Locking Down the Application Data 416 Use the Least-Privileged Database Login 416 Revoke PUBLIC Permissions 417 Use Stored Procedures 417 Use Strong Cryptography to Protect Stored Sensitive Data 418 Maintaining an Audit Trail 419 Oracle Error Triggers 419 Locking Down the Database Server 421 Additional Lockdown of System Objects 421 Restrict Ad Hoc Querying 422 Strengthen Controls Surrounding Authentication 422 Run in the Context of the Least-Privileged Operating System Account 422 Ensure That the Database Server Software Is Patched 423 Additional Deployment Considerations 424 Minimize Unnecessary Information Leakage 424 Suppress Error Messages 424 Use an Empty Default Web Site 427 Use Dummy Host Names for Reverse DNS Lookups 427 Use Wildcard SSL Certificates 428 Limit Discovery via Search Engine Hacking 428 Disable Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Information 429 Increase the Verbosity of Web Server Logs 430 Deploy the Web and Database Servers on Separate Hosts 430 Configure Network Access Control 430 Summary 431 Solutions Fast Track 431 Frequently Asked Questions 433 Chapter 10: References 436 Introduction 437 Structured Query Language (SQL) Primer 437 SQL Queries 437 SELECT Statement 438 UNION Operator 438 INSERT Statement 439 UPDATE Statement 439 DELETE Statement 439 DROP Statement 441 CREATE TABLE Statement 441 ALTER TABLE Statement 441 GROUP BY Statement 442 ORDER BY Clause 442 Limiting the Result Set 442 SQL Injection Quick Reference 443 Identifying the Database Platform 443 Identifying the Database Platform via Time Delay Inference 444 Identifying the Database Platform via SQL Dialect Inference 444 Combining Multiple Rows into a Single Row 445 Microsoft SQL Server Cheat Sheet 446 Enumerating Database Configuration Information and Schema 446 Blind SQL Injection Functions: Microsoft SQL Server 448 Microsoft SQL Server Privilege Escalation 448 OPENROWSET Reauthentication Attack 449 Attacking the Database Server: Microsoft SQL Server 450 System Command Execution via xp_cmdshell 450 xp_cmdshell Alternative 451 Cracking Database Passwords 451 Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Hashes 452 File Read/Write 452 MySQL Cheat Sheet 452 Enumerating Database Configuration Information and Schema 452 Blind SQL Injection Functions: MySQL 453 Attacking the Database Server: MySQL 454 System Command Execution 454 Cracking Database Passwords 455 Attacking the Database Directly 455 File Read/Write 455 Oracle Cheat Sheet 456 Enumerating Database Configuration Information and Schema 456 Blind SQL Injection Functions: Oracle 457 Attacking the Database Server: Oracle 458 Command Execution 458 Reading Local Files 458 Reading Local Files (PL/SQL Injection Only) 459 Writing Local Files (PL/SQL Injection Only) 460 Cracking Database Passwords 461 Bypassing Input Validation Filters 461 Quote Filters 461 HTTP Encoding 463 Troubleshooting SQL Injection Attacks 464 SQL Injection on Other Platforms 467 PostgreSQL Cheat Sheet 467 Enumerating Database Configuration Information and Schema 468 Blind SQL Injection Functions: PostgreSQL 469 Attacking the Database Server: PostgreSQL 469 System Command Execution 469 Local File Access 470 Cracking Database Passwords 470 DB2 Cheat Sheet 470 Enumerating Database Configuration Information and Schema 470 Blind SQL Injection Functions: DB2 471 Informix Cheat Sheet 472 Enumerating Database Configuration Information and Schema 472 Blind SQL Injection Functions: Informix 473 Ingres Cheat Sheet 473 Enumerating Database Configuration Information and Schema 473 Blind SQL Injection Functions: Ingres 474 Microsoft Access 474 Resources 474 SQL Injection White Papers 474 SQL Injection Cheat Sheets 475 SQL Injection Exploit Tools 475 Password Cracking Tools 476 Solutions Fast Track 477 Index 480 Welcome to 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O caracteristică importantă a fost colectarea și examinarea rapoartelor cazurilor care au avut loc începând cu ianuarie 2017, analizând informații adesea limitate înregistrate și tragerea concluziilor din acest material, cât și pe cercetări și informații publicate într-un raport similar publicat de Serviciul de Protecție a Copilului Metropolitan Londonez, Anglia. Credința în „posesie" și „vrăjitorie" este larg răspândită. România nu este singură în această situație; cazuri au fost raportate la nivel mondial. Copii cu care s-a discutat în acest raport provin dintr-o varietate de medii, din punct de vedere social, educațional, cultural ete, însă și din minoritățile politeiste din România, făcând apel la un alt raport cu privire la incidența de cazuri de discriminare pe motive religioase în România, descris într-un raport anterior făcut de Asociația noastră. Șaptezeci și patru de cazuri de abuz legate în mod clar de acuzațiile de „posesie" și au fost identificate „vrăjitorii". Pentru a proteja împotriva numărării duble, numai cazurile pentru care au existat factori de identificare au fost analizați. Prin urmare, acest raport analizează doar treizeci și opt dintre aceste cazuri. Trebuie remarcat faptul că înainte de anchete doar paisprezece cazuri ce au fost identificate în mod clar și au existat cazuri noi raportate până la data publicării acestui raport. Numărul de cazuri de abuz asupra copiilor legate de acuzațiile de „posesie" și „Vrăjitoria" identificată până acum este mai mic în comparație cu numărul total de copii abuzați în fiecare an. În perioada 01 ianuarie 2017 - 31 decembrie 2017, 18197 de copii au fost plasați într-un serviciu de tip rezidențial public și privat în România, iar 37105 de copii au fost plasați intr-o măsură de plasament la rudele până în gradul IV, asistenți maternale profesioniști sau angajați ai DGASPC, ori organisme private acreditate și alte familii în România. Au existat 72.100 de anchete de protecție a copilului în România în anul 2017. Aceste date sunt extrase din Raportul Ministerului Muncii, Autoritatea Naționala pentru Protecția Drepturilor Copilului și Adopție - "Protecția Drepturilor Copiilor și Adopție" - http://mmuncii.ro/j33/images/buletin_statistic/2018/Copil_sem_I_2018.pdf. Abuzul în cauză apare atunci când se încearcă „exorcizarea" copilului. Abuzul constă în bătăi severe și alte cruzimi premeditate, cum ar fi flămânzirea, arderea materialelor religioase și a obiectelor de cult și izolarea copilului. Făptașii sunt de obicei îngrijitori - adesea nu părinții naturali - iar abuzul apare de obicei în gospodărie unde locuiește copilul. În ultimă instanță, copilul poate fi abandonat în străinătate. Istoria lor ulterioară nu este cunoscută. Se pare că există caracteristici comune între cazuri, de exemplu, un copil fiind țap ispășitor, structura familiei și dizabilitatea. Prin recunoașterea acestor tipare se poate face posibilă identificarea timpurie a copiilor cu risc și prevenirea cazurilor de excluziune socială. Recomandările abordează colectarea de informații mai bune despre cazuri, elaborarea de îndrumări despre tratarea cazurilor, monitorizarea mișcării copiilor și protejarea drepturilor copiilor din punct de vedere religios. ... Preface / R.c. Worrest And M.m. Caldwell -- Agents And Effects Of Ozone Trends In The Atmosphere / G .brasseur And A. De Rudder -- Inconsistencies In Current Photochemical Models Deduced From Considerations Of The Ozone Budget / U. Schmailzl And P.j. Crutzen -- Computation Of Spectral Distribution And Intensity Of Solar Uv-b Radiation / R. Rundel -- A New Uv-b Handbook. Vol. 1 / S.a.w. Gerstl, A. Zardecki And H.l. Wiser -- Possible Errors Involved In The Dosimetry Of Solar Uv-b Radiation / B.l. Diffey -- Action Spectra And Their Key Role In Assessing Biological Consequences Of Solar Uv-b Radiation / M.m. Caldwell, L.b. Camp, C.w. Warner And S.d. Flint -- Action Spectra For Inactivation And Mutagenesis In Chinese Hamster Cells And Their Use In Predicting The Effects Of Polychromatic Radiation / F. Zölzer And J. Kiefer -- Dose And Dose-rate Responses To Uv-b Radiation : Implications For Reciprocity / F.r. De Gruijl, H.j.c.m. Sterenborg, H. Slaper And J.c. Van Der Leun --^ Cellular Repair And Assessment Of Uv-b Radiation Damage / C.s. Rupert -- Repair Of Genetic Damage Induced By Uv-b (290-320 Nm) Radiation / R.m. Tyrrell -- Physiological Responses Of Yeast Cells To Uv Of Different Wavelengths / J. Kiefer, M. Schall And A. Al-talibi -- Effects Of Uv-b Radiation On Photosynthesis / W.b. Sisson -- Effect Of Uv Irradiation On Different Partial Reactions Of The Primary Processes Of Photosynthesis / G. Renger, M. Voss, P. Gräber And A. Schulz -- Effects Of Ultraviolet Radiation On Fluorescence Induction Kinetics In Isolated Thylakoids And Intact Leaves / L.o. Björn, J. Bornman And E. Olsson -- Fine Structural Effects Of Uv Radiation On Leaf Tissue Of Beta Vulgaris / J.f. Bornman, R.f. Evert, R.j. Mierzwa And C.h. Bornman -- Comparative Sensitivity Of Binucleate And Trinucleate Pollen To Ultraviolet Radiation : A Theoretical Perspective / S.d. Flint And M.m. Caldwell -- The Effect Of Enhanced Solar Uv-b Radiation On Motile Microorganisms / D.-p. Häder --^ Uv-b Radiation And Adaptive Mechanisms In Plants / C.j. Beggs, U. Schneider-ziebert And E. Wellmann -- Leaf Uv Optical Properties Of Rumex Patientia L. And Rumex Obtusifolius L. In Regard To A Protective Mechanism Against Solar Uv-b Radiation Injury / R. Robberecht And M.m. Caldwell -- Uv-b-induced Effects Upon Cuticular Waxes Of Cucumber, Bean, And Barley Leaves / D. Steinmüller And M. Tevini -- Effects Of Uv-b Radiation On Growth And Development Of Cucumber Seedlings / M. Tevini And W. Iwanzik -- Interaction Of Uv-a, Uv-b And Visible Radiation On Growth, Composition, And Photosynthetic Activity In Radish Seedlings / W. Iwanzik -- Effects Of Enhanced Ultraviolet-b Radiation On Yield, And Disease Incidence And Severity For Wheat Under Field Conditions / R.h. Biggs And P.g. Webb -- Effects Of Ultraviolet-b Radiation On The Growth And Productivity Of Field Grown Soybean / J. Lydon, A.h. Teramura And E.g. Summers --^ Interaction Between Uv-b Radiation And Other Stresses In Plants / A.h. Teramura -- Models And Data Requirements For Measuring The Economic Consequences Of Uv-b Radiation On Agriculture / R.m. Adams -- Appendix 1: Subroutine For Schippnick And Green Uv Spectral Irradiance Model / F. Rundel. Edited By Robert C. Worrest, Martyn M. Caldwell. Proceedings Of The Nato Advanced Research Workshop On The Impact Of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Upon Terrestrial Ecosystems: I. Agricultural Crops Held At Bad Windsheim, September 27-30, 1983--t.p. Verso. Published In Cooperation With Nato Scientific Affairs Division. Includes Bibliographies And Index.

Winner of the Best Book Bejtlich Read in 2009 award!

"SQL injection is probably the number one problem for any server-side application, and this book is unequaled in its coverage." Richard Bejtlich, http://taosecurity.blogspot.com/

SQL injection represents one of the most dangerous and well-known, yet misunderstood, security vulnerabilities on the Internet, largely because there is no central repository of information to turn to for help. This is the only book devoted exclusively to this long-established but recently growing threat. It includes all the currently known information about these attacks and significant insight from its contributing team of SQL injection experts.

• What is SQL injection?-Understand what it is and how it works
• Find, confirm, and automate SQL injection discovery
• Discover tips and tricks for finding SQL injection within the code
• Create exploits using SQL injection
• Design to avoid the dangers of these attacks

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