SPSS Explained

__SPSS Explained__ provides the student with all that they need to undertake statistical analysis using SPSS. It combines a step-by-step approach to each procedure with easy to follow screenshots at each stage of the process. A number of other helpful features are provided: * regular advice boxes with tips specific to each test * explanations divided into ‘essential’ and ‘advanced’ sections to suit readers at different levels * frequently asked questions at the end of each chapter. The first edition of this popular book has been fully updated for IBM SPSS version 21 and also includes: * chapters that explain bootstrapping and how this is used * an introduction to binary logistic regression * coverage of new features such as Chart Builder. Presented in full colour and with a fresh, reader-friendly layout, this fully updated new edition also comes with a companion website featuring an array of supplementary resources for students. The authors have many years of experience in teaching SPSS to students from a wide range of disciplines. Their understanding of SPSS users’ concerns, as well as a knowledge of the type of questions students ask, form the foundation of this book. Minimal prior knowledge is assumed, so the book is well designed for the novice user, but it will also be a useful reference source for those developing their own expertise in SPSS. It is suitable for all students who need to do statistical analysis using SPSS in various departments including Psychology, Social Science, Business Studies, Nursing, Education, Health and Sport Science, Communication and Media, Geography, and Biology. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 Preface 12 Acknowledgements 14 Chapter 1 Introduction 16 The Book Outline 17 The Chapter Outline 17 Chapter 2 Data Entry 20 Things to Think about before Entering Data 20 Using SPSS for the First Time 22 Data Editor 22 Sending Variables Across to a Different Box 32 Performing Calculations on Your Data 32 Recoding Data 35 Replacing Missing Values 37 Split File Command 40 Weight Cases Command 43 Importing Data from Excel 44 Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics 50 Introduction to Descriptive Statistics 50 Data Entry 50 Frequencies Command 50 Descriptives Command 56 Explore Command 58 Crosstabs Command 58 Custom Tables Command 65 Chapter 4 Illustrative Statistics 72 Introduction to Illustrative Statistics 72 Generating Graphs with Chart Builder 73 Histograms 73 Boxplots 76 Bar Charts 81 Clustered and Stacked Bar Charts 84 Error Bar Charts 87 Line Graphs 90 Pie Charts 93 Generating Graphs with Legacy Dialogs 95 Editing Graphs 104 Editing Axes 105 Chapter 5 Introduction to Statistical Testing 108 Different Statistical Tests 108 Introduction to Parametric Tests 108 The Logic of Significance Testing 109 Power 111 Confidence Intervals 113 Things to Consider before Analysing Your Data 114 Plotting the Normal Curve 115 Testing For Normality 118 Comparing More Than One Sample: The Assumption of Homogeneity of Variance 124 Violations of the Assumptions 124 Bootstrapping 128 Advice on Significance Testing 132 Chapter 6 t Tests 134 Independent Samples t Test 135 The Paired Samples t Test 142 Chapter 7 Introduction to Analysis of Variance (General Linear Model) 152 Introduction 152 General Linear Model Command 153 A Model for Analysing Data 153 The General Linear Model 156 Key Terms in the Analysis of Variance 159 Univariate Analysis of Variance 160 Multivariate Analysis of Variance 161 Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance 162 Contrasts and Multiple Pairwise Comparisons 165 Main Effects 169 Comparing Condition Means 170 Chapter 8 One Factor Analysis of Variance 172 One Factor Independent Analysis of Variance 172 One Factor Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance 192 Chapter 9 Two Factor Analysis of Variance 204 Two Factor Independent Measures Analysis of Variance 205 Two Factor Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance 211 Two Factor Mixed Design Analysis of Variance 220 Calculation of Simple Main Effects – Two Factor Mixed Design Analysis of Variance 231 Chapter 10 Introduction to Multivariate Analysis of Variance 236 Independent Multivariate Analysis of Variance 237 Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance 243 Chapter 11 Nonparametric Two Sample Tests 250 Mann–Whitney U Test (For Independent Samples) 250 Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test (For Related Samples) 261 Chapter 12 Nonparametric k Sample Tests 272 Kruskal–Wallis Test for Independent Samples 272 Friedman Test for Related Samples 282 Chapter 13 Chi-Square Test of Independence and Goodness of Fit Test 292 Chi-Square as a Test of Independence 293 Custom Tables and Chi-Square 298 A 2 x 2 Crosstabulation and Chi-Square 301 Test Procedure: Layered 2 x 2 x 3 Crosstabulation and Chi-Square 303 Chi-Square as a ‘Goodness of Fit’ Test 307 Chapter 14 Linear Correlation and Regression 312 Introduction to the Pearson Correlation 313 Introduction to the Spearman Correlation 316 Introduction to the Kendall Tau-B Correlation 319 Introduction to Scatterplots 321 Partial Correlation 329 Linear Regression 331 Logistic Regression 334 Chapter 15 Multiple Regression and Multiple Correlation 340 Introduction to Multiple Regression 340 Multiple Regression: Enter Method 343 Multiple Regression: Stepwise Method 348 Chapter 16 Introduction to Factor Analysis 354 Exploratory Factor Analysis 356 Chapter 17 Using SPSS to Analyse Questionnaires: Reliability 366 Reliability Analysis: Cronbach’s Alpha 366 Glossary 376 Index 384 Choosing a statistical test 387 SPSS Explained clearly outlines how to undertake key statistical analyses using the SPSS releases 10, 11 and 12. Step-by-step explanations illustrated with screen shots guide students through the basic procedures and all aspects of SPSS output. The reader is introduced to thinking about the data they have collected and how to enter it into SPSS, how to create descriptive statistics and graphs and how to make changes in the data entered."--Jacket