Springer eBooks -- Offshore Energy Structures For Wind Power, Wave Energy and Hybrid Marine Platforms

This book provides all the key information needed to design offshore structures for renewable energy applications successfully. Suitable for practicing engineers and students, the author conveys design principles and best practices in a clear, concise manner, focusing on underlying physics while eschewing complicated mathematical detail. The text connects underlying scientific theory with industry standards and practical implementation issues for offshore wind turbines, wave energy converters and current turbines. Combined concepts such as wave-wind energy platforms are discussed, as well. Coverage of design codes and numerical tools ensures the usefulness of this resource for all those studying and working in the rapidly expanding field of offshore renewable energy. Preface 5 Contents 7 Chapter-1 12 Introduction 12 1.1 Background 12 1.2 Objectives 14 1.3 Scope 14 References 16 Chapter-2 17 Wind Turbines 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Nacelle 17 2.3 Hub 19 2.4 Blades 20 2.5 Pitch System 21 2.6 Main Shaft 23 2.7 Gearbox 24 2.8 Generator 25 2.9 Control 26 2.10 Sensors 27 2.11 Converter 28 2.12 Transformer 29 2.13 Yaw System 29 2.14 Rotor 29 2.15 Tower 29 2.16 Wind Park 31 References 31 Chapter-3 33 Fixed Offshore Wind Turbines 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Offshore Wind Farms 34 3.3 A Case Study: Greater Gabbard Wind Farm 35 3.4 Bottom-Fixed Offshore Wind Turbine Concepts 42 3.5 Monopiles 44 3.5.1 Monopile Characteristics 46 3.6 Jacket Wind Turbine 50 3.7 Tripile Wind Turbine 52 3.8 Tripod Wind Turbine 55 3.9 Gravity-Based Wind Turbines 56 References 60 Chapter-4 63 Floating Offshore Wind Turbines 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Floating Offshore Wind Projects 63 4.3 Hywind Project 64 4.4 WindFloat Project 67 4.5 Fukushima Project 70 4.6 Floating Wind Turbine Concepts 74 4.7 Semisubmersible Offshore Wind Turbine 75 4.8 Tension-Leg Platform (TLP) Offshore Wind Turbine 77 4.9 Spar Offshore Wind Turbine 80 4.10 Unconventional Floating Wind Turbine Concepts 82 Bibliography 85 Chapter-5 87 Wave Energy Converters 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Wave Energy Resources 89 5.3 Wave Energy Converter Concepts 92 5.4 Overtopping Energy Devices 93 5.5 Oscillating Water Column 97 5.6 Point Absorber 99 5.7 Wave Energy Converter Projects 101 5.7.1 Wavestar (Wave Star Energy) 102 5.7.2 Pelamis (Pelamis Wave Power) 103 5.7.3 Wave Dragon (Wave Dragon A/S) 105 5.7.4 OE Buoy (Ocean Energy Ltd.) 105 5.7.5 Oyster (Aquamarine Power) 106 5.7.6 WaveRoller (AW Energy) 107 5.7.7 LIMPET (Voith Hydro Wavegen Ltd.) 108 5.7.8 OceanLinx (Oceanlinx) 108 5.7.9 CETO (Carnegie Wave Energy Limited) 108 5.7.10 Powerbuoy (Ocean Power Technologies) 110 References 112 Chapter-6 115 Combined Wave- and Wind-Power Devices 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Combining Offshore Wind and Wave Energy, Why? 116 6.3 Poseidon: An Example of Combining Wave and Wind Devices 119 6.4 Synergies of Combined Wave and Wind Concepts 122 6.5 Hybrid Wave- and Wind-Energy Concepts 125 6.6 Bottom-Fixed Hybrid Wind-Wave-Energy Concepts 128 6.7 Floating Hybrid Wind-Wave-Energy Concepts 132 References 137 Chapter-7 139 Design Aspects 139 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 What is Design? 139 7.3 General Design Aspects 140 7.4 Reliability and Limit States 141 7.5 Economical Aspects of Design 143 7.6 Environmental Aspects of Design 143 7.7 Component Design 144 7.8 Design Principles 149 7.9 Design Safety 150 7.10 Design Using Partial Safety Factor Method 152 7.11 Design Using Direct Simulation of Combined Load Effects 155 7.12 Design Certification of Wind Turbines 156 7.13 Design Loads for Offshore Wind Turbines 161 7.14 Design Load Cases 167 7.15 Design of Floating Wind Turbines 169 References 174 Chapter-8 175 Wave and Wind Theories 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Regular Wave Theory 176 8.3 Modified Linear Wave Theory (Stretching Models) 179 8.4 Stokes Wave Theory 181 8.5 Cnoidal and Solitary Wave Theories 183 8.6 Stream Function Wave Theory 184 8.7 Validity Range of Wave Theories 184 8.8 Offshore Waves Versus Nearshore Waves 185 8.9 Irregular Wave Theory 186 8.10 Wind Theory 189 8.11 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Wind 189 8.12 Wind Distribution (Weibull Long-Term Probability) 190 8.13 Wind Shear 191 8.14 Turbulence and Wind Spectrum 192 8.15 Joint Wave and Wind Conditions 194 References 195 Chapter-9 197 Aerodynamic and Hydrodynamic Loads 197 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Blade Element Theory 197 9.3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 203 9.4 Wind Turbine Aero-Servo Loads 206 9.5 Wave Loads and Hydrodynamics 208 9.6 Wave Forces on Slender Structures 210 9.6.1 Morison Formula for Fixed Structures 210 9.6.2 Morison Formula for Floating Structures 211 9.6.3 Morison Formula with MacCamy-Fuchs Correction 212 9.6.4 Pressure Integration Method 212 9.7 Breaking Wave Loads 213 9.8 Large-Volume Structures 214 9.8.1 Hydrostatic Considerations 214 9.8.2 Mass and Inertia Loads 218 9.8.3 Hydrodynamic Considerations 219 9.8.4 Hydrodynamic Analyses Methods 220 9.8.5 First-Order Wave Loads 221 9.8.6 Second-Order Wave Loads 223 9.8.7 Higher-Order Wave Loads 230 Bibliography 230 Chapter-10 232 Dynamic Response Analyses 232 10.1 Introduction 232 10.2 Dynamics of Single Degree of Freedom Systems 232 10.2.1 Free Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Systems 234 10.2.2 Forced Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Systems 238 10.3 Natural Periods of Floating Structures 239 10.4 Two Degree of Freedom System Dynamics 242 10.5 Eigen-Value Analysis of Multi Degree of Freedom Systems 245 10.6 Rigid Body Modes 248 10.7 Modal Dynamic Analysis for Multi Degree of Freedom System 248 10.8 Wave-Induced Responses Applying Frequency Domain Analysis 250 10.9 Response Equations for Offshore Energy Structures 253 10.9.1 Floating Wind Turbines Aero-Loads Considerations 254 10.9.2 Simple Vs. Comprehensive Aero-Loads Modelling 255 10.9.3 Wave Energy Converters Considerations 256 10.9.4 Solution Methods for Rigid-Body Response-Equations 256 10.10 Comprehensive Analysis of Offshore Energy Structures 258 10.10.1 Elastic-Body Response-Equations 260 10.10.2 Static Finite Element Analysis 260 10.10.3 Dynamic Finite Element Analysis 261 10.11 Multi-Body Dynamics Considering Hydrodynamic Interactions 262 10.12 Some Aspects of Dynamic Response 264 10.13 Aero-Hydro-Elasticity Applied to Energy Platforms 265 10.14 Flutter: An Aeroelastic Dynamic Behaviour 268 10.15 Case Study: Analysis of a Jacket Wind Turbine 271 References 275 Chapter-11 277 Stochastic Analyses 277 11.1 Introduction 277 11.2 Probabilistic and Stochastic Theories 278 11.3 Spectrum and Spectral Analysis 282 11.4 Peaks Distribution for General Random Process: Rice Distribution 285 11.5 1/N Largest Maxima 287 11.6 Largest Maximum Among N Maxima 287 11.7 Extreme Value Analysis 290 11.8 Stochastic Time Domain Analysis Aspects 292 11.9 Fatigue Damage Assessment: A Stochastic Analysis 294 References 296 Short Biography 297 Bibliography 298 Index 305 This book provides all the key information needed to design offshore structures for renewable energy applications. Suitable for practicing engineers and students, the author conveys design principles and best practices in a clear, concise manner, eschewing complicated mathematical detail. The text connects underlying scientific theory with industry standards and practical implementation issues for offshore wind turbines, wave energy converters and current turbines. Combined concepts such as wave-wind energy platforms are discussed, as well. Coverage of design codes and numerical tools ensures the usefulness of this resource for all those studying and working in the rapidly expanding field of offshore renewable energy. . Introduction -- Wind turbines -- Fixed offshore wind turbines -- Floating offshore wind turbines -- Wave energy converters -- Combined wave and wind power devices -- Design aspects -- Wave and wind theories -- Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads -- Dynamic response analyses -- Stochastic analyses. by Madjid Karimirad. Front Matter....Pages i-xi Introduction....Pages 1-5 Wind Turbines....Pages 7-22 Fixed Offshore Wind Turbines....Pages 23-52 Floating Offshore Wind Turbines....Pages 53-76 Wave Energy Converters....Pages 77-104 Combined Wave- and Wind-Power Devices....Pages 105-128 Design Aspects....Pages 129-164 Wave and Wind Theories....Pages 165-186 Aerodynamic and Hydrodynamic Loads....Pages 187-221 Dynamic Response Analyses....Pages 223-267 Stochastic Analyses....Pages 269-288 Back Matter....Pages 289-301