Spinal Cord Injury in the Child and Young Adult (Clinics in Developmental Medicine)

As compared to adult-onset spinal cord injury (SCI), individuals with childhood-onset SCI are unique in several ways. First, as a result of their younger age at injury and longer lifespan, individuals with pediatric-onset SCI are particularly susceptible to long-term complications related to a sedentary lifestyle, such as cardiovascular disease, and overuse syndromes, such as upper extremity pain. Second, they experience complications, such as scoliosis and hip dysplasia, which may affect them both during childhood and as adults. Persons with pediatric-onset SCI also have unique developmental needs. They experience the typical ongoing challenges of each developmental stage (e.g., childhood, adolescence) as well as changes owing to their SCI. Finally, individuals with pediatric-onset SCI face health system discontinuities, such as the transition from pediatric medical care to adult care and the transition from parent-controlled health care to self-management. This book is intended for clinicians of all disciplines who may only occasionally care for youth with SCI to those who specialize in SCI as well as clinical and basic researchers in the SCI field. Topics covered include new developments in pediatric SCI research, current standards for optimal care, areas lacking scientific evidence, and recommendations for clinical practice and future research. Contents 6 Authors’ Appointments 9 PREFACE 17 Acknowledgments 19 Section 1 Overview 20 1: Life with a Spinal Cord Injury: from the Parents’, Daughter’s, and Clinician’s Perspective 22 2: Epidemiology 34 3: Life Care Planning 47 4: Assessment of Children with Spinal Cord Injury 60 Section 2 Early Management of Spinal Cord Injury 86 5: Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury 88 6: Acute Management of Young People with Spinal Cord Injury 102 7: Principles of Treatment of Spine Stability in Children with Spinal Cord Injury 114 Section 3 Unique Issues in Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury 128 8: Non-traumatic Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury 130 9: Management of High Tetraplegia 146 10: Dual Diagnosis: Concomitant Traumatic Brain Injury in Spinal Cord Injury 157 Section 4 Medical Management 170 11: Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel: Assessment, Management, and Outcomes 172 12: Spasticity 186 13: Autonomic Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury 201 14: Medical Complications and Management 216 15: Skin Integrity 228 16: Metabolic Complications in Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: Combining Optimal Exercise and Nutrition to Promote Health and Fitness 246 17: Pain 261 Section 5 Neuromusculoskeletal Management 276 18: Orthopedic Complications 278 19: Neuromuscular Scoliosis 288 20: Upper Extremity Function 301 Section 6 Physical Rehabilitation 314 21: Rehabilitation 316 22: Mobility for Children with Spinal Cord Injury 326 Section 7 Psychosocial 348 23: Educational and Vocational Issues for Children with Spinal Cord Injury 350 24: An Overview of Psychosocial Adjustment after Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury 362 25: Long-term Outcomes of Pediatric-onset Spinal Cord Injury 378 26: Leisure and Recreational Activities 395 Section 8 Research Priorities and Future Directions 406 27: Biological Interventions and Clinical Trials 408 28: Neurologic Recovery and Restorative Rehabilitation 418 29: Advances in Imaging 430

Persons with paediatric-onset spinal cord injury also have unique developmental needs. They experience the typical ongoing challenges of each developmental stage (e.g. childhood, adolescence) as well as changes owing to their spinal cord injury.This book is intended for clinicians of all disciplines, from those who may only occasionally care for youth with spinal cord injury to those who specialize in spinal cord injury, as well as clinical and basic researchers in the spinal cord injury field.Topics covered include new developments in pediatric spinal cord injury research, current standards for optimal care, areas lacking scientific evidence, and recommendations for clinical practice and future research.