Spectra and Energy Levels of Rare Earth Ions in Crystals

Introduction -- Historical -- The Rare Earths -- Crystals Available For Study : Crystals With Water Of Crystallization ; Anhydrous Crystals ; Crystals With Replacement Of Divalent Ions -- Experimental Procedure -- Spectra And Levels Of The Free Ions -- The Crystal Field -- Crystal Symmetry And Structure Of The Spectrum -- Intensities, Selection, And Polarization Rules -- Comparison With Empirical Data -- Zeeman Effect And Magnetic Properties -- Divalent Rare Earth Ions In Crystals -- Review Of The Empirical Data -- Line Structure. Edited By H. M. Crosswhite And Hannah Crosswhite. Bibliography: P. 352-385. Title Page Preface Contents List of Tables List of Figures 1. Introduction 2. Historical 3. The Rare Earths 4. Crystals Available for Study 4.1 Crystals with Water of Crystallization 4.1.1 Ethylsulfates: R(C2H5SO4)3•9H2O 4.1.2 Sulfates 4.1.3 Bromates: R(BrO3)3•9H2O 4.1.4 Double Nitrates: Mg3R2(NO3)12•24H2O and Zn3R2(NO3)12•24H2O 4.1.5 Chlorides 4.1.6 Nitrates: R(NO3)3•6H2O 4.1.7 Acetates: R(CH3COO)3•H2O 4.2 Anhydrous Crystals 4.2.1 Anhydrous Chlorides 4.2.2 The Bromides 4.2.3 The Chlorides 4.2.3 The Fluorides 4.2.4 The Hydroxides 4.2.5 The Garnets 4.2.6 The Vanadates 4.2.7 The Oxides 4.2.8 The Molybdates 4.2.9 Semiconductors 4.3 Crystals with Replacement of Divalent Ions 4.3.1 The Tungstates 4.3.2 CaF2 and Related Crystals 5. Experimental Procedure 5.1 Absorption Spectra 5.2 Fluorescence 5.3 Low Temperature Techniques 5.4 Experimental Data 6. Spectra and Levels of the Free Ions 6.1 Methods for the Study of the Free Ion Spectra 6.2 Empirical Analysis of the Free Ion Spectra 6.3 Present Status of the Empirical Analysis of Free Ion Spectra 6.4 Calculation of the Energy Levels 6.5 Results of Theoretical Calculations 7. The Crystal Field 7.1 Intermediate Coupling 7.2 J-Mixing 8. Crystal Symmetry and Structure of the Spectrum 8.1 The Dihedral Group D6 8.2 Irreducible Representations and Crystal Quantum Numbers 8.3 Time Reversal and Kramers Degeneracy 8.4 Summary 9. Intensities, Selection, and Polarization Rules 9.1 Intensities. General Considerations 9.2 Selection and Polarization Rules for Electric Dipole Transitions 9.3 Quantitative Calculation of Intensities 9.3.1 Magnetic Dipole Transitions 9.3.2 Electric Dipole Transitions 9.4 General Remarks on Intensities in Crystal Spectra 10. Comparison with Empirical Data 10.1 Determination of the Value of J 10.2 Determination of the Value of μ 10.3 Crystal Field Determination 11. Zeeman Effect and Magnetic Properties 11.1 Linear Zeeman Effect 11.2 Nonlinear Effects 12. Divalent Rare Earth Ions in Crystals 12.1 Preparation of Crystals 12.2 Details of Spectra of Divalent Rare Earths 12.3 Samarium [Sm2+, 4f6] 12.4 Sm2+ in CaF2 and Other Fluorides 12.5 Eu2+ [4f7] 12.6 Gd2+ and Tb2+ [4f8 and 4f9] 12.7 Dy2+ to Tm2+ [4f10 to 4f13] 13. Review of the Empirical Data 13.1 Cerium (Ce3+, 4f) 13.2 Praseodymium (Pr3+, 4f2) 13.3 Neodymium (Nd3+, 4f3) 13.4 Promethium (Pm3+, 4f4) 13.5 Samarium (Sm3+, 4f5) 13.6 Europium (Eu3+, 4f8) 13.7 Gadolinium (Gd3+, 4f7) 13.8 Terbium (Tb3+, 4f8) 13.9 Dysprosium (Dy3+, 4f9) 13.10 Holmium (Ho3+, 4f10) 13.11. Erbium (Er3+, 4f11) 13.13. Ytterbium (Yb3+, 4f13) 13.14. Fluorescence Spectra of R3+ in LaCl3 14. Line Structure 14.1 Broadening Due to Imperfect Lattice 14.2 Variation of Linewidth with Temperature 14.3 Additional Lines References 1906-1949 1950-1955 1956-1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Author Index Subject Index