Specialty Polymers and Materials: Advances, Technologies, Applications, and Future Trends

Specialty polymers are noted for their ability to retain valuable mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics when subjected to harsh environments, such as high temperature, high pressure, and corrosive chemicals. This new volume focuses on specialty polymers and polymer-based materials in novel application areas, discussing the synthesis and preparation methods, the materials derived from them, and how they are applied. The volume touches on applications that vary from biomedical and defense to high-performance coatings and smart materials for catalytic, agricultural, environmental, and packaging applications. Chapters explore the characteristic and distinct properties of specialty polymers, such as biodegradability, high performance, smart behaviors, and other distinct characteristics, along with their diverse applications, such as in oil fields, focusing on carbon geo-storage; for agricultural uses of various polymeric nanocomposites; for smart polymeric coatings and adhesives, including edible polymers and their applications in the food packaging industry; in biosensor design; and more. Cover Half Title Specialty Polymers and Materials: Advances, Technologies, Applications, and Future Trends Copyright About the Editors Contents Contributors Abbreviations Preface Part I. Specialty Polymers for Agricultural, Environmental, and Packaging Applications 1. The Recent Advances in Polymers for Oilfield Applications: Focus on Carbon Geo-Storage ABSTRACT 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CARBON GEO-STORAGE 1.2 SUBSURFACE CONFORMANCE CONTROL OF CO2 1.3 ROLE OF POLYMERS IN CONFORMANCE CONTROL 1.3.1 POLYMERS AS A VISCOSIFIER 1.3.2 CARBONATED POLYMER SOLUTIONS 1.3.3 POLYMER GEL BARRIERS 1.3.4 SMART POLYMER SOLUTIONS 1.4 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR POLYMER APPLICATION 1.4.1 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 1.4.2 EFFECT OF SALINITY 1.4.3 EFFECT OF RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY 1.5 HYBRID POLYMER SOLUTIONS 1.6 LAB SCALE STUDIES 1.7 FIELD APPLICATIONS 1.8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT KEYWORDS REFERENCES 2. Agricultural Use of Various Polymeric Nanocomposites and Future Avenues ABSTRACT 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES 2.3 SOME POTENTIAL POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES 2.3.1 CHITOSAN-DERIVED NANOCOMPOSITES 2.3.2 CELLULOSE-DERIVED NANOCOMPOSITES 2.3.3 ALGINATE-DERIVED NANOCOMPOSITES 2.3.4 HYDROGELS 2.3.5 SYNTHETIC POLYMER-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES 2.4 AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOCOMPOSITES 2.4.1 CROP PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY 2.4.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON PLANTS 2.4.3 BIOFORTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL MINERALS 2.5 LIMITATIONS AND TOXICOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS KEYWORDS REFERENCES 3. Smart Polymeric Coatings and Adhesives ABSTRACT 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 SALIENT FEATURES AND NECESSITY 3.3 EVOLUTION 3.4 COATINGS AND THEIR TYPES 3.4.1 POLYURETHANE 3.4.2 POLYACRYLIC 3.4.3 SILICONE 3.4.4 EPOXY 3.4.5 PHENOLIC RESINS 3.5 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE SMART POLYMERIC COATINGS 3.5.1 SELF-HEALING 3.5.2 PH-RESPONSIVE 3.5.3 OTHER TRIGGERING MECHANISM 3.6 APPLICATIONS 3.6.1 UTILITY OF COATINGS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES 3.6.1.1 OIL INDUSTRY 3.6.1.2 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY 3.6.1.3 TEXTILE INDUSTRY 3.6.1.4 AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY 3.6.2 COATINGS IN BIOMEDICAL AND MEDICAL DEVICES 3.6.3 COATINGS IN ACTUATORS 3.7 TYPES OF ADHESIVES 3.7.1 ADHESION 3.7.2 COHESION 3.8 MECHANISM OF ADHESIVES 3.8.1 CHEMICAL METHOD 3.8.2 PHYSICAL METHOD 3.8.3 MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING METHOD 3.8.4 DIFFUSION METHOD 3.8.5 ELECTROSTATIC METHOD 3.9 THE CHEMISTRY OF ADHESIVES 3.9.1 MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE 3.9.1.1 EPOXY ADHESIVES 3.9.1.2 ELASTOMERIC ADHESIVES 3.9.1.3 PHENOLIC ADHESIVES 3.9.2 FACTORS AFFECTING ADHESION 3.9.2.1 SURFACE CLEANING 3.9.2.2 ROUGHNESS 3.9.2.3 ADHESIVE CHOICE AND BINDING PROCESS 3.9.2.4 WETTING 3.10 APPLICATIONS 3.10.1 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION 3.10.2 ADHESION IN POLYMER COATINGS 3.10.3 WET ADHESIVES 3.10.4 AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS OF ADHESIVES 3.10.5 SMART MATERIAL ADHESIVE 3.11 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPE KEYWORDS REFERENCES 4. Edible Polymers and Their Applications in Food Packaging and Other Areas ABSTRACT 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 TYPES OF EDIBLE POLYMERS 4.2.1 BASED ON THE COMPOSITION, EDIBLE POLYMERS ARE CLASSIFIED IN THREE MAIN CATEGORIES 4.3 SOURCES OF EDIBLE POLYMERS 4.4 PROPERTIES OF EDIBLE POLYMERS 4.5 APPLICATIONS OF EDIBLE POLYMERS 4.5.1 FOOD PACKAGING 4.5.2 DRUG DELIVERY 4.5.3 TISSUE ENGINEERING 4.5.4 AGRICULTURE 4.5.5 COSMETICS INDUSTRY 4.5.6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT KEYWORDS REFERENCES Part II. Smart Polymers and Composites for Catalytic, Sensing, Drug Delivery, and Defense Applications 5. Recent Advancements in Smart Hybrid Polymeric Gels for Catalytic Applications ABSTRACT 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF HPAS 5.2.1 SYNTHESIS OF HPAS 5.2.1.1 TYPICAL POLYMERIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR HPAS 5.2.1.2 SYNTHESIS OF HPAS 5.2.2 CHARACTERIZATION 5.2.3 PROPERTIES OF HPAS 5.2.3.1 PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE NMS OF HPAS 5.2.3.2 PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MICROGELS OF HPAS 5.3 FUNDAMENTAL OF CATALYTIC REACTIONS 5.3.1 VARIETY OF INVOLVED POLLUTANTS 5.3.1.1 NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS 5.3.1.2 DYES 5.3.1.3 ANTIBIOTICS 5.3.2 KINETICS OF THE REACTION 5.3.3 THERMODYNAMICS PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH REACTION 5.3.4 MECHANISMS 5.4 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS 5.4.1 MODIFICATION IN MORPHOLOGY OF HPAS 5.4.2 OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES 5.5 CONCLUSION 5.6 FUTURE ASPECTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS KEYWORDS REFERENCES 6. Electrospun Nanofiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites and Their Advanced Applications ABSTRACT 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 ELECTROSPINNING 6.2.1 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS 6.2.2 PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FOR POTENTIAL REINFORCEMENT 6.3 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES (ENRPCS) 6.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTIES OF ENRPCS 6.4.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NANOFIBERS 6.4.2 DIAMETERS OF NANOFIBERS 6.4.3 LOADING OF NANOFIBERS 6.4.4 INTERFACIAL ADHESION 6.4.5 ALIGNMENT OF THE NANOFIBERS 6.4.6 FIBER ASPECT RATIO 6.4.7 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE ENRPCS 6.5 APPLICATIONS 6.5.1 SUMMARY KEYWORDS REFERENCES 7. Next-Generation Polymer-Based Biosensor Design ABSTRACT 7.1 POLYMER-BASED BIOSENSORS 7.1.1 UNDERSTANDING BIODETECTION MECHANISMS 7.1.2 THE LAB-ON-A-CHIP (LOC) APPLICATIONS 7.1.3 THE POLYMER-BASED WEARABLE BIOSENSORS 7.2 CURRENT OPINIONS ON İN-VİTRO DİAGNOSTİCS (IVD) 7.3 NEXT-GENERATION DESIGNS & FUTURE OUTLOOK KEYWORDS REFERENCES 8. Applications of Biodegradable Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems ABSTRACT 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 MILESTONE IN STUDY OF POLYMER SCIENCE 8.2.1 HISTORY OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER 8.3 POLYMER CHEMISTRY 8.4 CHARACTERISTIC OF SUPERLATIVE POLYMER SYSTEM 8.5 ADVANTAGES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER 8.6 FACTOR AFFECTING ON SELECTION OF POLYMER 8.7 POLYMER PROPERTIES 8.7.1 MOLECULAR MASS AND ITS DISTRIBUTION 8.7.2 TEMPERATURE (GLASS TRANSITION) 8.7.3 CRYSTALLINITY 8.8 MANUFACTURING METHOLOGY 8.8.1 BRANCHED POLYESTERS 8.8.2 MULTI-BLOCK POLY (ETHER-ESTER)S 8.9 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 8.9.1 NATURAL BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS 8.9.1.1 CHITOSAN 8.9.1.2 ALGINATE 8.9.1.3 HYALURONIC ACID 8.9.1.4 DEXTRAN 8.9.1.5 COLLAGEN 8.9.1.6 GELATIN 8.9.2 MICROBIAL POLYMER 8.9.2.1 POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES 8.9.3 SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS 8.9.3.1 POLYANHYDRIDES 8.9.3.2 POLYORTHO ESTERS 8.9.3.3 POLY ALKYL CYANOACRYLATES 8.9.3.4 POLYPHOSPHAZENES 8.9.3.5 POLYESTERS 8.10 DRUG RELEASE MECHANISM 8.11 RESPONSIVE SYSTEM 8.12 PACKAGING AND STERILIZATION 8.13 PROCESSING 8.14 OUTLINE OF POLES APART TECHNOLOGIS AS WELL AS BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER-BASED FORMULATION 8.15 CASE STUDY 8.16 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS KEYWORDS REFERENCES 9. Poloxamer: Application as Promising Polymer in Different Drug Delivery Systems ABSTRACT 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES 9.1.2 POLOXAMER AS PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENT 9.2 POLOXAMER FOR MODIFICATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS 9.2.1 SOLUBILITY ENHANCER 9.2.2 STABILITY 9.2.3 GEL STRENGTH 9.2.4 ADHESIVE PROPERTIES 9.2.5 SOL-GEL TRANSITION TEMPERATURE 9.2.6 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 9.3 POLOXAMER FOR MODIFICATION IN PHARMACOLOGICAL RESPONSE 9.3.1 NEUROPROTECTION 9.3.2 IMMUNOMODULATION 9.3.3 CELLULAR APOPTOSIS 9.3.4 CELL MULTIPLICATION 9.3.5 CELLULAR UPTAKE 9.4 POLOXAMER IN NANOFORMULATION 9.4.1 NEED AND USE OF POLOXAMER IN NANOPARTICLE PREPARATION 9.4.2 NEW DRUG CARRIERS WITH EXAMPLES 9.4.2.1 COLLOIDAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM 9.4.2.2 VESICULAR DELIVERY SYSTEM 9.4.2.3 SOLID LIPID NP 9.4.2.4 POLYMERIC NP 9.5 RECENT APPLICATION OF POLOXAMER IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION 9.5.1 ORAL FORMULATION 9.5.2 OPHTHALMIC FORMULATION 9.5.3 RECTAL FORMULATION 9.5.4 TOPICAL FORMULATION 9.5.5 NASAL FORMULATION 9.5.6 INJECTABLE FORMULATION 9.6 FUTURE PROSPECTUS OF POLOXAMER IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM 9.7 SUMMARY KEYWORDS REFERENCES Part III. High-Performance Polymers for Specialty Applications 10. Recent Advancements in Non- Traditional Luminous Polymers, their Production, and Potential Applications ABSTRACT 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.1.1 COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF TRADITIONAL LUMINESCENT POLYMERS AND NLPS 10.2 TOPOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN NON-TRADITIONAL POLYMERS 10.2.1 ORGANIC SUPERMOLECULES 10.2.2 PROCESSED SUPERMOLECULES 10.2.2.1 POLYAMINOESTERS 10.2.2.2 POLYAMIDOAMINES 10.2.2.3 POLYSILOXANES 10.2.2.4 POLYETHYLENEIMINES 10.2.2.5 POLYURETHANES 10.2.2.6 POLYACRYLONITRILES 10.2.2.7 POLYMERS WITH DETACHED BENZENE RING 10.2.2.8 POLYESTERS AND POLYCARBONATES 10.2.2.9 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AND MALEIMIDE PERTAINING POLYMER 10.2.2.10 MISCELLANEOUS POLYMERS 10.3 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOKS 10.4 SUMMARY KEYWORDS REFERENCES 11. Applications of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) in Drug Delivery ABSTRACT 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 DRUG DELIVERY 11.2.1 CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES OF DRUG DELIVERY 11.2.2 USE OF CELLULOSE IN DRUG DELIVERY 11.3 NANOCELLULOSE 11.3.1 TYPES OF NANOCELLULOSE 11.3.1.1 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS (CNC)/NANOCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (NCC) 11.3.1.2 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS (CNF)/NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE (NFC) 11.3.1.3 BACTERIAL NANOCELLULOSE (BNC) 11.4 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS (CNC) 11.4.1 SOURCES FOR CELLULOSE PRODUCTION 11.4.1.1 PLANTS 11.4.1.2 ALGAE 11.4.1.3 BACTERIA 11.4.1.4 TUNICATES 11.4.2 PREPARATION OF CNC 11.4.3 PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS 11.4.3.1 DIMENSIONS OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS 11.4.4 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 11.4.4.1 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 11.4.4.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 11.4.4.3 THERMAL PROPERTIES 11.4.4.4 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE NATURE PROPERTIES 11.4.4.5 MICROSTRUCTURED PROPERTIES 11.4.4.6 SWELLING CAPACITY 11.4.4.7 THE WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY 11.4.4.8 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 11.5 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS (CNC) 11.6 DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION WITH CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) 11.6.1 CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY OF CONTROLLED DRUGS USING CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS 11.6.2 LOCALLY TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY BY CNC 11.6.3 DRUG DELIVERY FOR CANCER 11.6.4 CNC-BASED HYDROGEL FOR DRUG DELIVERY 11.6.5 CNC DRUG DELIVERY BY HARD CAPSULE 11.7 UN-MODIFIED AND MODIFIED CNC APPLICATIONS FOR DELIVERY OF DRUG 11.8 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES 12. Rubbers and Elastomers in Specialty Applications ABSTRACT 12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 TYPES AND CLASS OF RUBBERS 12.3 PROCESSING OF RUBBERS 12.3.1 MIXING 12.3.2 MOLDING 12.3.3 CALENDARING 12.3.4 VULCANIZATION OR CURING OF RUBBERS 12.4 SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS 12.4.1 AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS 12.4.2 AUTOMOBILE AND TIRES 12.4.2.1 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES 12.4.2.2 TIRES 12.4.3 GREEN ENERGY, THERMAL ENERGY 12.4.3.1 GREEN ENERGY 12.4.3.2 THERMAL ENERGY 12.4.4 POWER SECTOR AND ELECTRICALS 12.4.5 MEDICAL 12.4.6 BONDING AND ADHESION 12.4.7 FOOD 12.4.8 INFLATABLE COMPONENTS 12.4.9 FIRE RETARDANT MATERIALS 12.4.10 SPORTS AND TEXTILE 12.5 CONCLUSION KEYWORDS REFERENCES Index