Speak Up! An Illustrated Guide to Public Speaking - 4th Edition

Cover......Page 2 Inside Front Cover......Page 3 What Students Are Saying about Speak Up......Page 4 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Brief Contents......Page 8 About the Authors......Page 10 Preface......Page 11 Contents......Page 21 Half Title......Page 43 1 INTRODUCING PUBLIC SPEAKING......Page 44 What Is Public Speaking?......Page 48 Why Study Public Speaking?......Page 50 Using Public Speaking as a Student......Page 51 Video 1.1: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms”......Page 52 Using Public Speaking in Your Career......Page 53 Using Public Speaking in Your Community......Page 54 Public Speaking: A Great Tradition......Page 56 Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline......Page 61 From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process......Page 62 New Technologies, New Channels......Page 66 Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity......Page 67 Video 1.2: “Humanity 4 Haitian Development”......Page 68 Emphasis on Critical Thinking......Page 70 A Focus on Free and Ethical Communication......Page 71 Chapter Review......Page 74 2 DEVELOPING YOUR FIRST SPEECH......Page 79 Why Prepare?......Page 83 The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation......Page 85 Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech......Page 86 Analyze Your Audience......Page 88 Select Your Topic......Page 89 Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose......Page 91 Create a Thesis Statement......Page 92 Determine Your Main Points......Page 93 Develop Supporting Materials......Page 94 Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech......Page 95 Key Term: Conclusion......Page 97 Key Term: Transition......Page 98 Consider Presentation Aids......Page 99 Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery......Page 100 Video 2.3: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”......Page 102 Overcoming Speech Anxiety......Page 103 Prepare Early and Follow a Plan......Page 104 Take Care of Yourself......Page 105 Use Relaxation Techniques......Page 106 Volunteer to Speak First......Page 107 Never Defeat Yourself......Page 109 Chapter Review......Page 110 Video 2.4: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”......Page 114 3 SPEECH ETHICS......Page 116 Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative......Page 119 Legal Speech vs. Ethical Speech......Page 122 Lying......Page 124 Half-Truths......Page 125 False Inference......Page 126 Acknowledging the Work of Others......Page 129 Video 3.1: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”......Page 130 Quoting from a Source......Page 131 Video 3.2: “Citing Someone Else’s Idea”......Page 132 Key Term: Paraphrasing......Page 133 Common Knowledge......Page 134 Using Sound Reasoning......Page 136 Demonstrate an Open Mind......Page 138 Hold the Speaker Accountable......Page 139 Chapter Review......Page 140 4 LISTENING SKILLS......Page 143 The Listening Process......Page 147 Listening vs. Hearing......Page 148 Processing What You’ve Heard......Page 149 Retaining What You’ve Processed......Page 150 Listening Styles......Page 152 The Culprits behind Poor Listening......Page 154 Unprocessed Note Taking......Page 155 Interruptive Listening......Page 157 Agenda-Driven Listening......Page 158 Argumentative Listening......Page 159 Nervous Listening......Page 160 Filter Out Distractions......Page 161 Show That You Are Listening......Page 162 Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech......Page 164 Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech......Page 165 Listening When You Are in the Audience......Page 167 Chapter Review......Page 168 5 AUDIENCE ANALYSIS......Page 173 Size......Page 179 Time......Page 182 Location......Page 184 Mobility......Page 185 Key Term Video: Demographics......Page 187 Age......Page 188 Gender Composition......Page 189 Sexual Orientation......Page 190 Race and Ethnicity......Page 192 Religious Orientation......Page 193 Socioeconomic Background......Page 194 Political Affiliation......Page 197 Putting the Demographic Pieces Together......Page 198 Seeking Common Ground......Page 200 Identifying Prior Exposure......Page 201 Identifying Audience Disposition......Page 203 Surveying Your Audience......Page 206 Interviewing Your Audience......Page 207 Considering and Observing Your Audience......Page 210 Situational Audience Analysis......Page 212 Chapter Review......Page 215 6 SELECTING YOUR TOPIC......Page 220 Developing a Set of Potential Topics......Page 223 Research......Page 224 Word Association......Page 226 Mind Mapping......Page 227 Selecting the Best Topic......Page 229 Consider the Assignment......Page 230 Consider Your Audience......Page 231 Consider Your Knowledge and Interests......Page 232 Consider the Speech Context......Page 233 Refining Your Topic......Page 234 Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose......Page 235 Narrow Your Topic......Page 236 Video 6.2: “Overused Topic (Needs Improvement)”......Page 241 Drafting Your Specific Purpose......Page 242 Key Term: Thesis Statement......Page 243 Chapter Review......Page 247 Video 6.4: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”......Page 250 7 RESEARCHING YOUR SPEECH......Page 251 Research Is Essential......Page 254 Video 7.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”......Page 255 Research Works Best When You Have a Plan......Page 256 Find the Sources You Need......Page 257 Key Term Video: Citation......Page 259 Evaluating a Source’s Credibility......Page 261 Objectivity......Page 262 Observational Capacity......Page 263 Video 7.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”......Page 264 Books......Page 265 Periodicals......Page 266 Newspapers......Page 268 Government Documents......Page 270 Using the Internet......Page 272 Disadvantages of Internet Research......Page 273 Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources......Page 275 Credibility of Social Media......Page 277 Searching the World Wide Web......Page 279 Prepare for Your Interview......Page 281 Plan Your Interview Questions......Page 282 Conduct the Interview......Page 283 Presenting Evidence in Your Speeches......Page 284 Present the Information Accurately......Page 285 Video 7.3: “Citing Sources (Statistics)”......Page 289 Chapter Review......Page 290 8 USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR YOUR SPEECH......Page 296 Why Use Supporting Materials?......Page 299 Enhancing Audience Understanding......Page 300 Strengthening Audience Memory......Page 301 Winning Audience Agreement......Page 302 Evoking Audience Emotion......Page 303 Key Term: Example......Page 304 Definitions......Page 305 Key Term: Testimony......Page 307 Key Term: Statistic......Page 308 Key Term: Narrative......Page 310 Key Term: Analogy......Page 311 Choose the Most Credible Proof......Page 313 Appeal to Different Learning Styles......Page 314 Avoid Long Lists......Page 319 Video 8.3: “Examples (Humorous)”......Page 320 Chapter Review......Page 321 9 ORGANIZING YOUR SPEECH......Page 326 Selecting Your Main Points......Page 329 Consider Your Purpose......Page 330 Take Your Audience into Account......Page 331 Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points......Page 332 Subordination and Coordination......Page 334 Video 9.1: “Without Liberty and Justice for All”......Page 336 When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit......Page 338 Key Term: Spatial Pattern......Page 339 Key Term: Chronological (Temporal) Pattern......Page 340 Key Term: Causal Pattern......Page 341 Comparison Pattern......Page 342 Key Term: Categorical (Topical) Pattern......Page 343 Persuasive Speech Patterns......Page 345 Transitions......Page 346 Key Term: Transition......Page 347 Signposts......Page 348 Internal Previews and Internal Summaries......Page 352 Chapter Review......Page 353 10 INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 357 Introducing Your Speech......Page 360 Key Term: Attention-Getter......Page 361 Key Term: Rhetorical Question......Page 366 Signal Your Thesis......Page 368 Show Your Audience What’s in It for Them......Page 369 Establish Your Credibility......Page 371 Key Term: Preview......Page 372 Concluding Your Speech......Page 374 Transition to Your Conclusion......Page 375 Summarize Your Main Points......Page 376 Key Term: Clincher......Page 377 Chapter Review......Page 383 11 OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH......Page 387 Two Stages of Outlining......Page 389 The Speaking Outline......Page 391 Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery......Page 392 Outlining the Body of Your Speech......Page 393 Key Term: Transition......Page 396 Key Term: Introduction......Page 397 Creating a List of Works Cited......Page 398 A Sample Working Outline......Page 399 Creating Your Speaking Outline......Page 406 Formatting Your Speaking Outline......Page 407 Elements of Your Speaking Outline......Page 408 Video 11.3: “Rate: Too Fast (Needs Improvement)”......Page 410 A Sample Speaking Outline......Page 411 Chapter Review......Page 416 Video 11.4 “DuBoise, Central Texas Coalition against Human Trafficking”......Page 419 12 LANGUAGE AND STYLE......Page 420 The Importance of Language and Word Choice......Page 425 Differences between Oral and Written Language......Page 426 Denotative and Connotative Meaning......Page 428 Connotative Meaning......Page 429 Understandable Language......Page 431 Concrete Words......Page 433 Proper Use of Words......Page 436 Concise Language......Page 437 Repetition......Page 438 Hypothetical Examples......Page 439 Personal Anecdotes......Page 440 Vivid Language......Page 443 Key Term: Figurative Language......Page 444 Key Term: Simile......Page 445 Video 12.3: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms” (metaphor)......Page 446 Avoid Stereotypes......Page 447 Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups......Page 448 Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality......Page 449 A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness......Page 450 Chapter Review......Page 452 13 DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH......Page 457 Key Term: Delivery......Page 458 Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery......Page 459 Reading from a Manuscript......Page 460 Memorizing from a Manuscript......Page 463 Speaking from an Outline......Page 465 Key Term: Impromptu Delivery......Page 466 Using Verbal Delivery Skills......Page 468 Key Term: Volume......Page 469 Tone......Page 470 Key Term: Rate of Delivery......Page 471 Projection......Page 473 Articulation......Page 474 Key Term: Pronunciation......Page 475 Pausing......Page 476 Key Term: Verbal Filler......Page 477 Key Term: Eye Contact......Page 479 Key Term: Gesture......Page 482 Video 13.2: “Gestures: Overly Scripted (Needs Improvement)”......Page 484 Key Term: Physical Movement......Page 485 Proxemics......Page 486 Key Term: Personal Appearance......Page 488 Chapter Review......Page 491 14 USING PRESENTATION AIDS......Page 496 Presentation Aids Can Make Your Speech More Interesting......Page 499 Presentation Aids Can Help Your Audience Remember Your Speech......Page 500 The Speaker......Page 501 Assistants......Page 503 Objects......Page 504 Visual Images......Page 506 Graphs......Page 508 Text-Based Visuals......Page 509 Audio and Video......Page 511 Key Term: Presentation Software......Page 513 Using Other Technology......Page 515 Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids......Page 516 Consider Your Audience......Page 517 Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear......Page 520 Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids......Page 522 Using Presentation Aids during Your Speech......Page 524 Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids......Page 526 Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids......Page 527 Maintain Eye Contact......Page 529 Video 14.2: “Presentation Software (Needs Improvement)”......Page 530 Chapter Review......Page 531 15 MEDIATED PUBLIC SPEAKING......Page 535 The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking......Page 540 Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations......Page 541 Advantages of Mediated Presentations......Page 542 General Advantages......Page 543 Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches......Page 544 Advantages of Real-Time Technologies......Page 545 Challenges of Mediated Presentations......Page 546 Loss of Naturalness......Page 547 Decreased Nonverbal Communication......Page 548 Diminished Feedback......Page 549 Difficulty Managing Distractions......Page 550 Delivery Considerations......Page 551 Message Adaptations......Page 553 Practicing Delivery and Recording......Page 556 Camera......Page 558 Setting and Background......Page 559 Attire......Page 560 Camera Positioning......Page 561 Video 15.3: “Fallacy: Red Herring (Needs Improvement)”......Page 562 Practicing with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works......Page 563 Using Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing......Page 564 Creating Opportunities for Audience Interaction......Page 566 Soliciting Feedback through an Alternative Medium......Page 567 Chapter Review......Page 568 16 INFORMATIVE SPEAKING......Page 572 Key Term: Definition......Page 575 Key Term: Explanation......Page 577 Key Term: Description......Page 578 Key Term: Demonstration......Page 579 Video 16.1: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”......Page 581 Key Term: Narrative......Page 582 Video 16.2: “Conveying Information: Narrative (Needs Improvement)”......Page 583 Objects......Page 584 Individuals or Groups......Page 586 Events......Page 589 Processes......Page 591 Video 16.3: “Conveying Information: Description”......Page 592 Ideas......Page 594 Analyzing Your Audience......Page 596 Selecting a Technique......Page 597 Focusing on Your Goal to Inform......Page 599 Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message......Page 600 Rachel Parish, Spider Silk: A Miracle Derived from . . . Goats?......Page 605 Chapter Review......Page 612 17 PERSUASIVE SPEAKING......Page 616 Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members......Page 619 Key Term: Fact Claim......Page 621 Key Term: Policy Claim......Page 622 Two Paths to Persuasion......Page 623 Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?......Page 624 Adapting to Audience Disposition......Page 625 Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs......Page 628 Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values......Page 629 Accounting for Audience Beliefs......Page 631 Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs......Page 632 Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits......Page 634 Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations......Page 635 Ethical Persuasion......Page 636 Research Your Facts......Page 637 Attribute Your Research Properly......Page 639 Organizing Fact Claims......Page 640 Organizing Value Claims......Page 642 Key Term: Motivated Sequence......Page 645 Key Term: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern......Page 646 Chapter Review......Page 649 18 METHODS OF PERSUASION......Page 653 Understanding the Elements of Credibility......Page 656 Building Your Credibility......Page 657 Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility......Page 658 Key Term: Logos......Page 661 Using Evidence......Page 662 Key Term: Inductive Reasoning......Page 665 Video 18.1: “Reasoning: Inductive”......Page 672 Key Term: Hasty Generalization......Page 673 Key Term: Ad Populum (Bandwagon) Fallacy......Page 674 Key Term: Ad Hominem (Personal Attack) Fallacy......Page 675 Key Term: Slippery Slope Fallacy......Page 676 Key Term: False Dilemma Fallacy......Page 677 Video 18.2: “Fallacy: Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy vs. WWIII”......Page 678 Key Term: Pathos......Page 679 Using Emotional Appeals......Page 680 Video 18.3: “Claims: Fact (Appeals to Emotion and Crediblity)”......Page 681 Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos......Page 684 Anna Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without......Page 686 Chapter Review......Page 692 Video 18.4: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All”......Page 695 19 SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEAKING......Page 698 Types of Special-Occasion Speeches......Page 701 General Guidelines for Special-Occasion Speeches......Page 704 Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion......Page 705 Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations......Page 707 Video 19.2: “Language, Delivery, and Special Occasion Speeches”......Page 708 Respecting Time Constraints......Page 709 Strategies for Speeches of Introduction......Page 710 Strategies for Speeches of Presentation......Page 713 Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance......Page 715 Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize......Page 718 Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate......Page 720 Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches......Page 721 Joseph Tuman, Swearing-in Ceremony for New U.S. Citizens......Page 724 Chapter Review......Page 730 20 GROUP COMMUNICATION......Page 734 Effective Group Leadership......Page 738 Selecting a Leader......Page 739 Leading Meetings......Page 742 Managing Conflict......Page 746 Three Types of Member Roles......Page 749 Tips for Participating in a Small Group......Page 753 Analyze the Problem......Page 757 Generate Possible Solutions......Page 758 Symposium......Page 759 Panel Discussion......Page 760 Single Group Representative......Page 761 Chapter Review......Page 763 How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Speech Outline......Page 766 How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Full-Length Speech......Page 775 Why Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Speech Outline......Page 781 Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Full-Length Speech......Page 786 David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate......Page 791 Michelle Bachelet, Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls......Page 796 Notes......Page 800 Glossary......Page 827 Index......Page 849 Speech Choices......Page 901 Inside Back Cover......Page 902 Back Cover......Page 903 "An introduction to public speaking that's smart, compelling, fun, and affordable, Speak Up offers great writing and examples, strong coverage of course topics, practical guidelines for creating effective presentations, and hundreds of custom-drawn illustrations that bring speech concepts to life. This new edition adapts Speak Up to the emerging world of virtual meetings, vlogs, digital platforms, and e-learning with new coverage throughout that helps students develop and deliver presentations online. Speak Up takes advantage of the media by integrating speech video and assessment right into the book, modeling techniques and helping students apply their knowledge to their own speeches. Access is automatic and includes more than 200 video clips, the largest library available. Even better, students get all of this at less than half the price of competing texts,"--Amazon.com