Spatial Justice and Planning: Reshaping Social Housing Communities in a Changing Society (The Urban Book Series)

Despite the significance of urban justice in planning research and practice, how just societies and cities can be organised and achieved remains contested. Spatial justice provides an integrative and unifying theory concerning place, policies, people and their interplay, but ambiguities about its practical bases have undermined its application in planning. Through creating and substantiating a new conceptual framework comprising a morphological study, policy analysis and embodiment research, this book crystallises the spatiality of (in)justice and (in)justice of spatiality in the context of social housing redevelopment. Like many countries around the world, social housing in Aotearoa New Zealand is an area of contention, especially at the building and redevelopment stages. Protecting community character and human rights has been used by social housing tenants to resist changes, but the primary focus on material outcomes neglects broadening access toplanning processes. Compact, mixed tenure and sustainable (re)developments are regarded as the just built environment, as they enable equal accessibility to all. But there are contradictions between the planned spatiality of justice and individuals’ socialised sensory space. Reconciliation of morphological differentiations in built forms and social cohesion remains a challenging task. This book focuses on the re-examination, integration and transferability of spatial justice. It makes a new contribution to urban justice theory by strengthening spatial justice and planning. Social housing areas are expected to adapt to changing social and economic demands while retaining much-valued established community character. This book also provides practical strategies for tackling complex planning problems in social housing redevelopment. Preface Contents About the Authors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Context 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Towards a More Integrated Framework for Analysis 1.4 Methods 1.5 The Choice of Study Area 1.6 Book Structure References 2 An Enquiry into Planning for Justice 2.1 Social Justice, Space, and Planning 2.1.1 (Re)distributive Justice 2.1.2 The Political-Economic Perspective to Social Justice 2.1.3 The Postmodernist Perspective 2.2 Spatial Justice and Thirdspace Theory 2.3 Spatial Justice and Planning 2.4 Summary References 3 From Aspirational to Operational: Towards an Integrated Approach to Spatial Justice 3.1 Geographical and Morphological Evolution of Firstspace (Perceived Space) 3.1.1 Morphological Periods and Plan Units 3.1.2 Urban Morphology and Critical Spatial Thinking 3.1.3 Morphological Data Collection and Analysis 3.2 Ideologies and the Understanding of Secondspace (Conceived Space) 3.2.1 Planning and Development in the Liberal and Keynesian Periods 3.2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis: A Political-Economic Perspective 3.3 Embodiment Research and Thirdspace (Lived Space) 3.3.1 Interpreting Lived Experience 3.4 Summary References 4 Urban Regeneration and Social Housing Redevelopment in Aotearoa New Zealand: Issues and Challenges 4.1 Urban Regeneration 4.2 Social Housing Redevelopment: An International Perspective 4.3 Urban Regeneration in New Zealand 4.4 Social Housing Redevelopment in New Zealand 4.5 The Historico-Geographical Development of the Tāmaki Area 4.6 Glen Innes and Its Relevant Research 4.7 Summary References 5 Historico-Geographical Analysis of Spatial Differentiations 5.1 Geographical-Morphological Analysis of Perceived Space 5.2 Changing Spatial Characteristics in Glen Innes 5.2.1 Embryo Development (Pre-1949): From Māori Land to Private Estate 5.2.2 Post-War Development (1950–1969): Building the Kiwi Dream 5.2.3 Repletion and Consolidation (1970–1999): Declining Economy and Rundown Neighbourhoods 5.2.4 Transformation and Regeneration (After 2000): Intensification and Mixed Building Type 5.3 Plan Units, Spatial Diversification, and Uneven Geographical Development 5.4 Spatial Distribution of Social Housing 5.5 Physical Planning and Design 5.6 Summary References 6 Changing Social Housing Policy in the Context of Neoliberalism 6.1 Changing Social Housing Policy Under Neoliberalism 6.1.1 Phase 1: Corporatisation, Privatisation, and Residualisation of the State-Housing Sector 6.1.2 Phase 2: ‘Third-Way’ Housing Policy Under a Labour-Led Government—Stepping Back from the Market 6.1.3 Phase 3: Social Housing Reform Under National-Led Coalition Government 6.2 Delivering Mixed Housing Types in the Discourse of Regeneration Policy 6.3 The Rationales for Different Regeneration Projects 6.3.1 Social Inclusion and Strong Sustainable Communities 6.3.2 Liveability, Urban Growth, and Diversity of Activities 6.3.3 Healthier and Safer Community 6.3.4 Cultural Density, Community Cohesion, and Community Approach 6.4 Discourse of Partnership: Towards a Hybrid Approach to Social Housing Provision 6.4.1 Reducing the Role of Central Government in Social Housing Provision 6.4.2 Planning for Housing Affordability: The Support from Auckland Council 6.5 Māori Housing Policy 6.6 Summary References 7 People, Place, and Policy 7.1 Planning for Social Housing Redevelopment and Community Resistance 7.2 Lived Experience of Poverty and Individual Agency and Claims 7.3 Gentrification and Direct and Indirect Displacement 7.4 Perception of Changes: Social Housing Residents and Newcomers 7.5 The Tāmaki Regeneration Company and Community 7.6 Summary References 8 Spatial Justice and Planning: Bridging the Gap 8.1 Reflections on Spatial Justice Theory and Practice 8.2 Key Research Findings 8.2.1 Town-Plan Analysis and Spatial Differentiation: Reducing Spatial Segregation or Producing New Segregation 8.2.2 Policies and Planning That Define and Contextualise Glen Innes 8.2.3 Embodied Experience 8.3 Implications for Planning Practice and Research 8.4 Prospects for Future Research References Index