Spatial Cognition VI. Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space: International Conference Spatial Cognition 2008, Freiburg, Germany, September ... (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) (v. 6)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Cognition, Spatial Cognition 2008, held in Freiburg, Germany, in September 2008. The 27 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited lectures were carefully reviewed and selected from 54 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on spatial orientation, spatial navigation, spatial learning, maps and modalities, spatial communication, spatial language, similarity and abstraction, concepts and reference frames, as well as spatial modeling and spatial reasoning. Title Page Preface Conference Organization Related Book Publications Table of Contents Virtual Reality as a Valuable Research Tool for Investigating Different Aspects of Spatial Cognition References On the “Whats” and “Hows” of “Where”: The Role of Salience in Spatial Descriptions References Learning about Space Does Body Orientation Matter When Reasoning about Depicted or Described Scenes? Introduction Experiment 1 Method Procedure Results Discussion Experiment 2 Method Procedure Results Discussion and Cross-Experiment Analyses General Discussion References Spatial Memory and Spatial Orientation Introduction Long-Term Spatial Memory Sensorimotor Spatial Memory Spatial Orientation Environmental Cues to Spatial Orientation Path Integration Spatial Orientation Using Path Integration and Environmental Cues Summary and Conclusions References Map-Based Spatial Navigation: A Cortical Column Model for Action Planning Introduction Cortical Columnar Organisation: A Computational Principle? Related Work Methods Single Neurone Model Encoding Space and Actions: Minicolumn and Column Model Unsupervised Growing Network Scheme for Topological Map Learning Action Planning Behavioural Task and Simulated Agent Theoretical Analysis Results Spatial Behaviour Analysis of Neural Activities Discussion References Efficient Wayfinding in Hierarchically Regionalized Spatial Environments Introduction Region Hierarchy Formal Definition Clustering Wayfinding Algorithm Complexity Comparison Discussion References Analyzing Interactions between Navigation Strategies Using a Computational Model of Action Selection Introduction Methods and Simulation Navigation Model Simulated Environment and Protocol Data Analysis Results Learning across and within Session Role of Interactions between the MFe and the MBe in the Control Group Interactions between MFe and MBe Discussion Competition and Cooperation Synergistic Interactions and Dependence of an Expert on Another One Further Work Conclusion References A Minimalistic Model of Visually Guided Obstacle Avoidance and Path Selection Behavior Introduction Part 1: Behavioral Study Material and Methods Results Discussion Part 2: A Visually Guided Model of Obstacle Avoidance and Path Selection 1D Model without Depth Information Model Evaluation Discussion Outlook: Models Incorporating Depth Information Conclusion References Route Learning Strategies in a Virtual ClutteredEnvironment Introduction Synopsis and Predictions MaterialandMethods Participants Virtual Environment Experimental Setup Procedure Data Analysis Results Training Phase No-Local-Objects Condition Fog Condition Discussion References Learning with Virtual Verbal Displays: Effects of Interface Fidelity on Cognitive Map Development Introduction Experiment 1 Method Design and Procedure Results and Discussion Experiment 2 Method Results and Discussion Experiment 3 Method Results and Discussion General Discussion References Cognitive Surveying: A Framework for Mobile Data Collection, Analysis, and Visualization of Spatial Knowledge and Navigation Practices Introduction Cognitive Surveying Hardware Mobile Data Collection Data Analysis and Visualization Moving, Traveling, Navigating Spatial Knowledge Landmarks and Other Locations Directions and Distances Learning Regions Spatial Ability and Other Individual Differences User Assistance and Location-Based Services The Environment Further Research and Conclusion References What Do Focus Maps Focus On? Introduction Maps and Map-Based Assistance The Concept of Focus in Map Design Implementation Toolbox for Schematic Maps Basic Operations for Focus Maps A Generic Way of Generating Focus Maps Empirical Results Focusin3D Conclusions References Locating Oneself on a Map in Relation to Person Qualities and Map Characteristics Introduction Finding Oneself on a Map Map Qualities Spatial Skills and the Campus Mapping Task Simulating Environmental Mapping Summary Method Campus Mapping Task Computer Mapping Tasks Spatial Tasks Results Performance on the Campus Mapping Task Campus Mapping Task and Map Variables Campus Mapping Task and Participant Variables Computer Mapping Task and Participant Qualities Relating Performance on Campus and Computer Mapping Tasks Discussion Performance and Strategies on the Campus Mapping Task and Their Relation to Map Characteristics Predictors of Success on Campus and Computer Mapping Tasks Computer Screens Are Not Real Environments Conclusions References Conflicting Cues from Vision and Touch Can Impair Spatial Task Performance: Speculations on the Role of Spatial Ability in Reconciling Frames of Reference Introduction The Relationship between Vision and Touch Representation of the Hands in the Body Schema Body Schema Can Be Influenced by Visual Experience Spatial Coding and the Parietal Cortex The Parietal Lobe and Adaptability of Spatial Frames of Reference The Set-Up in Our Study and in Typical Hand Assisted Surgery Method Participants Apparatus Design Procedure Results Discussion References Epistemic Actions in Science Education Introduction Epistemic Actions in Our Geoscience Field Study Situation #1: Participant Moves Rejected Models Out of View Situation #2: Participant Moves Two Candidate Models Side by Side Situation #3: Participant Moves Candidate Model Adjacent to Inscriptions Situation #4: Participant Rotates Model to Align with the Referent Space Situation #5: Participant Rips Up Inscriptions, and Reorders Them in Space Other Occurrences of Epistemic Actions in Science Education Discussion Are Epistemic Actions Consciously Purposeful? Are Epistemic Actions Always Spatial? Taxonomies of Epistemic Actions Epistemic Actions and the Duality Principle of Representations Conclusions and Directions for Further Research References An Influence Model for Reference Object Selection in Spatially Locative Phrases Introduction Reference Objects in Spatially Locative Phrases Spatial Language Generation Scope of the Investigation Structure of Paper Reference Object Characteristics Linguistic Investigations Landmark Characteristics Processing a Locative Phrase Three Primary Influences on Reference Object Suitability Influences on Reference Locatability Searching for the Target Object Communication Cost Discussion: Implementation Possibilities for the Influence Model Computational Structure Model Output Complexity of the Model Training Data Set Simple and Compound Locative Phrases Conclusions, Further Work References Tiered Models of Spatial Language Interpretation Introduction The Structure of Verbal Routes Computational Models of Route Interpretation Towards an Action Oriented View of Route Interpretation The Logical Surface of Route Instructions The Embodiment Model Spatial Representation Action Schemas Route Interpretation through Interactive Plan Construction Model Application and Evaluation Implementation Description Study 1: Human-Human Gold Standard Study 2: Human-Computer Interaction Discussion and Outlook References Perspective Use and Perspective Shift in Spatial Dialogue Introduction Perspective Use in Spatial Dialogue Method Participants Apparatus Stimuli Procedure Results and Discussion Preferred Perspective Use Speaker Coordination and Efficiency Perspective Use across the Interaction Span Perspective Shift/Switch Conclusions References Natural Language Meets Spatial Calculi Introduction Linguistic Spatial Semantics Linguistic Specifications in the Generalized Upper Model Orientation-Related Linguistic Spatial Relationships Orientation Calculi and External Aspects The Double-Cross Calculus External Spatial Aspects in Linguistic Semantics Non-linguistic Spatial Aspects of Projective Relations in GUM Multi-dimensional Formalisms and Perspectivism From Counterparts to \E-Connections Perspectival \E-Connections Layered Expressivity: External Descriptions and Context Perspectival E-Connections in \Hets Conclusions and Future Work References Automatic Classification of Containment and Support Spatial Relations in English and Dutch Introduction Gentner and Bowerman’s Study of English/Dutch Prepositions Experiment Motivation for Our Simulation Study Simulation Background Simulating Similarity Via Analogical Matching Progressive Alignment and SEQL CogSketch ResearchCyc Experiment Materials Method Results Error Analysis Discussion Related Wor Conclusions and Future Work References Integral vs. Separable Attributes in Spatial Similarity Assessments Introduction Similarity Measures Similarity at the Attribute Level Similarity at the Object Level Object Similarity Simulation Comparisons of Ranked Lists Test Parameters Visualization of Similarity Scores Experiment Results and Interpretation Conclusions References Spatial Abstraction: Aspectualization, Coarsening, and Conceptual Classification Introduction A Formal View on Facets of Abstraction Aspectualization Coarsening Conceptual Classification Abstraction and Representation Abstraction in Agent Control Processes Knowledge Transfer of Simulation Strategies to a Real Robot The Task Learning a Policy in Simulation Extracting General Navigation Behavior Using the Aspectualized Strategy on a Mobile Robot Discussion Conclusion References Representing Concepts in Time Introduction Related Work Concepts Conceptual Spaces Time Geography A Spatio-temporal Metaphor for Representing Concepts in Time Representational Aspects Metaphorical Mapping Within- and between-Conceptual-Space Changes Formal Model of Conceptual Change in Time Algebraic Specifications Formal Model Application: Geospatial Concept Change in Time Conclusions and Future Work Bibliography The Network of Reference Frames Theory: A Synthesis of Graphs and Cognitive Maps Introduction Graph Representations and Cognitive Maps Problems with Graph Representations and Cognitive Maps The Network of Reference Frames Theory Representation Encoding Self-localization by Recognition Route Navigation by Activation Spread Survey Navigation by Imagination The Network of Reference Frames Theory in the Theoretical and the Empirical Context The Network of Reference Frames Theory Compared to Graph Representations and Cognitive Maps Vista Space Reference Frames as the Basic Unit in the Representation of Environmental Spaces Egocentric and Allocentric Reference Frames The Relation between Vista Space Reference Frames: Network vs. Hierarchy Asymmetry in Spatial Memory Conclusions References Spatially Constrained Grammars for Mobile Intention Recognition Introduction From Spatio-temporal Behavior to Intentions Mobile Intention Recognition Parsing Behavior Sequences Reducing Parsing Ambiguities by Adding Spatial Knowledge Spatially Constrained Grammars Spatially Constrained Context-Free Grammars Cross-Dependencies: A Parallel to NLP Tree-Adjoining Grammars Spatially Constrained Tree-Adjoining Grammars Parsing Spatially Constrained Grammars Related Work Conclusion and Outlook References Modeling Cross-Cultural Performance on the Visual Oddity Task Introduction Modeling Comparison Via Analogy Structure-Mapping Engine MAGI SEQL Modeling Qualitative Representation Via CogSketch CogSketch Representing the Oddity Task Stimuli Modeling the Oddity Task Theoretical Claims of Model Modeling the Process Controlling the Processing Simulation Model Accuracy Modeling Problem Difficulty Related Work Discussion References Modelling Scenes Using the Activity within Them Introduction and Motivation Related Work Feature Detection and Tracking Spatial Quantization: Histograms of Features Dominant Patterns of Motion Using Dominant Direction to Categorise Regions Region Classification Using Unsupervised Learning Evaluation Conclusions and Future Directions References Pareto-Optimality of Cognitively Preferred Polygonal Hulls for Dot Patterns Introduction Previous Work The Scope of the Inquiry Pilot Study NextSteps References The Dot Patterns Used in the Pilot Study Area-Perimeter Plots for Pilot Study Dot Patterns Pareto Fronts, with Pilot Study Responses Qualitative Reasoning about Convex Relations Introduction Qualitative Calculi Algebraic Structure of Qualitative Calculi Strong and Weak Operations Constraint Based Qualitative Reasoning Reasoning about Relative Orientation Deciding Global Consistency Discussion and Conclusion References Table of Composable l/r Triples Author Index