Soundscapes: Humans and Their Acoustic Environment (Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, 76)

The concept of the “Soundscapes” includes all of the sounds in one’s environment and focuses not only on the sounds itself. Instead, it focuses on the interrelationships between person and activity and place, both in space and time. Soundscape also include influences on the acoustic environment through auditory sensation, its interpretation, and the responses to the acoustic environment in context. The conceptual framework of Soundscape describes the “process of perceiving or experiencing and/or understanding an acoustic environment, highlighting general concepts and their relationships: context, sound sources, acoustic environment, auditory sensation, interpretation of auditory sensation, responses, and outcomes” (International Organization for Standardization, ISO 12913-1:2014 Acoustics Soundscape Part Definition and Conceptual Framework, ISO, Geneva, 2014). With soundscape, one achieves a deeper understanding of acoustic environment and its effects on people. The ISO standard 12931-1 on soundscape provides an important, and rigorous, distinction in the use of “Soundscape.” But, it is recognizable that some individuals, particularly planners, designers, lay persons, and even those primarily interested in management of the acoustic environment through environmental noise control, will find it convenient to use “Soundscape” as a synonym for the physical acoustic environment. When it comes to noise management and urban planning, soundscape research has the potential to promote healthy urban environments by sharing and incorporating the significant knowledge of all concerned parties. Understandably, this shows that the communication with regard to noise management has to be forced to guarantee that the specifics of Soundscapes (i.e., the relevance of perception) are seriously considered alongside the whole. This book will bridge the gap between soundscape theory and practice and therefore it will be different from our earlier publications as “Soundscape and the built environment” (ed. by J. Kang and B. Schulte-Fortkamp CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fl 2016) and also from the respective Special Issues on Soundscapes in 2012 in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (ed. by B. Schulte-Fortkamp and J. Kang), and also the Special Issue in Acta Acustica 2006 *(ed. by B. Schulte-Fortkamp and D. Dubois), and the E-book on soundscape This volume will be driven by the difficult process of standardization of Soundscape and its evaluation procedures. The main goal of the proposed volume is to present and review the developments in Soundscape, reflecting the standardization procedure and the diverse inputs. the needs in management and planning in urban acoustic environments, the book will also focus on the difficulties, as well as the solutions, in interdisciplinary grounded communication, that is, on the one hand, related to science, but on the other to application, that needs guidance. The Acoustical Society of America Series Preface Preface 1992 Volume Preface Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Soundscape: The Development of a New Discipline 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 What Is Soundscape? 1.1.2 Purpose of this Volume 1.1.3 Soundscape Research Priorities 1.1.4 Sound Versus Noise 1.1.5 The Soundscape Approach 1.2 Measures and Measurements in Soundscape 1.2.1 Context 1.2.2 Acoustic Measurements 1.2.3 Measuring Human Perception 1.3 Disciplines Using Soundscape Methods 1.3.1 Eco-Acoustics 1.3.2 Soundwalks 1.3.3 Architectural Applications 1.3.4 Roles of Soundscape in Human Health 1.4 Chapter Overview 1.5 The Future of Soundscape Research References Chapter 2: Soundscape: A Construct of Human Perception 2.1 Introduction: The Measurability of Sensations 2.1.1 History of Soundscape 2.1.2 The Definition of Soundscape 2.2 Perceptions of Environments 2.3 Perceptions of Acoustic Environments 2.3.1 How Sound Shapes Human Life 2.3.2 Affective Qualities and Emotions Attributed to Acoustic Environments 2.3.3 Human Perception of Acoustic Environments: ISO 12913-1 2.4 Appraisal of Soundscapes: Processing Streams of Experiences 2.5 Summary References Chapter 3: Soundscape: The Holistic Understanding of Acoustic Environments 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Concept of Soundscape 3.2.1 Background and Development: A Holistic Approach Responding to Community Noise 3.2.2 Conceptual Framework: The Role of Local Experts in Soundscape 3.2.3 Introduction of ISO 12913 Series 3.2.4 Comprehensive Evaluation and Measurement in Soundscape 3.3 The Holistic Grounding of Soundscape 3.3.1 Conceptual Background 3.3.2 Pioneering Soundscape Collaborations Across Acoustic Research Fields 3.3.3 Noise Management and Soundscape 3.3.3.1 Noise Management 3.3.3.2 Common Interests Between Noise and Soundscape Assessment 3.3.4 Multidisciplinary Case Studies 3.4 Soundscape as a Paradigm Shift in Noise Control 3.4.1 Soundscape Applied to Evaluating Environmental Experience 3.4.2 Environmental Experience as a Conceptual Model for Soundscape 3.5 Summary References Chapter 4: Soundscape and Urban Planning 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Research Versus Application in Soundscape and City Planning 4.1.2 Objective Design Standards Based on Perceptions 4.1.3 Soundscape and City Planning: Actualizing Positive Outcomes 4.2 Urban Planning Principles 4.2.1 Planning Overview 4.2.2 Comprehensive Plan 4.2.3 Urban Design Process 4.2.4 Soundscape Connection to Urban Planning and Design 4.2.5 The Path Forward 4.3 Traditional Noise Control Practices and Urban Planning 4.3.1 Noise Control from the Nineteenth Century Onward 4.3.2 Current Noise Policy and Soundscape 4.3.2.1 Noise Policy Status in Europe 4.3.2.2 Noise Policy in the United States 4.3.3 Traditional Methods for Characterizing Soundscapes 4.3.4 Noise Control Ordinances 4.3.4.1 Acoustical and Non-acoustical Measurement-Based Noise Ordinances 4.3.4.2 Non-measurement-Based Noise Ordinances 4.3.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Measurement-Based Ordinances 4.3.4.4 Determining Audibility 4.3.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-measurement-Based Ordinances 4.3.5 The Need for Perception-Based Understanding of the Acoustical Environment 4.3.5.1 Soundscape Principles 4.3.5.2 Soundscape Studies 4.4 Smart Growth Principles 4.4.1 Soundscape Techniques as an Integral Part of Smart Growth 4.5 Quality of Life: The Importance of Local Experts 4.5.1 Scale of Soundscape Studies 4.5.2 Application to Quality-of-Life Issues 4.6 How to Implement the Toolbox 4.6.1 Identify the Soundscape Space 4.6.2 Identify the Methods for Implementation 4.6.3 Identify the Stakeholder Populations 4.6.4 Establish the Existing Conditions: Context 4.6.5 Determine the Improved Conditions 4.6.6 Create and Enable the Means Toward Improved Environments 4.6.7 Implementing the Plan and Testing 4.7 Soundscape Case Studies 4.8 Summary References Chapter 5: Architectural Soundscapes: Theories, Methods, and Practice 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Defining an Architectural Soundscape 5.1.2 Sonic Flows and Acoustical Rooms 5.2 Design Theory for Architectural Soundscapes 5.2.1 Levels of Architectural Soundscape Design 5.2.2 Elements of Architectural Soundscape Design 5.3 Developing Academic Case Studies 5.4 Soundscape Principles in Architectural Acoustics Research 5.4.1 Performance Halls 5.4.2 Classrooms 5.4.3 Courtrooms 5.4.4 Music Rehearsal 5.4.5 Worship Spaces 5.4.6 Acoustical Texture 5.4.7 Interaural Cross Correlation (IACC) 5.5 Practical Application of Soundscape Elements in Specific Project Types 5.5.1 Dining Spaces 5.5.2 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) 5.5.3 Libraries 5.6 Recent Research 5.6.1 Disciplines Using Soundscape Ideas 5.6.2 Sound and Noise 5.7 Summary References Chapter 6: Psychoacoustics in Soundscape Research 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Listening to Acoustic Environments 6.2.1 Spatial Hearing 6.2.2 Aurally Accurate Measurements 6.2.2.1 Binaural Recording 6.2.2.2 Binaural Reproduction 6.2.3 Aurally Accurate Measurements According to ISO/TS 12913-2 6.3 Psychoacoustic Analysis of Acoustic Environments 6.3.1 Introduction to Psychoacoustics 6.3.2 Psychoacoustic Analysis of Acoustic Environments 6.3.3 Psychoacoustics in Soundscape 6.4 Benefits and Limitations of Psychoacoustics in the Context of Soundscape 6.5 Summary References Chapter 7: Measurements and Techniques in Soundscape Research 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods of Early Soundscape Research 7.3 Current Data Collection Methods 7.3.1 Measurements of the Physical World 7.3.1.1 Binaural Measurements 7.3.1.2 Multi-channel Audio Techniques 7.3.1.3 Descriptors and Indicators 7.3.2 Measurements of Perception 7.3.2.1 Soundwalk 7.3.2.2 Questionnaire 7.3.2.3 Interview 7.3.2.4 Observational Methods 7.3.2.5 Bio-Monitoring 7.3.2.6 Big Data 7.3.3 Data Collection According to ISO/TS 12913-2 7.4 Analysis Approaches 7.4.1 Correlation Approaches 7.4.2 Classification Approaches 7.5 Summary References Chapter 8: Triangulation as a Tool in Soundscape Research 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Multiple Approaches for Analyzing Soundscape 8.2.1 Measuring People 8.2.2 Measuring with People 8.2.3 Measuring in a Human-Mimicking Way 8.3 Purpose of the Analyses 8.3.1 Theory Development and Theory/Hypothesis Testing 8.3.2 Mapping, Trend Analysis, and Impact Prediction 8.4 Linking Mixed Methods 8.4.1 Imprecision and Vagueness 8.4.2 Causality Links 8.5 Toward Soundscape Prediction 8.5.1 From Characterization to Design 8.5.2 Overview of Available Models 8.6 Summary: Soundscape and Triangulation 8.6.1 Triangulation as a Theoretical Approach 8.6.2 Triangulation as an Analysis Method 8.6.3 Triangulation as a Research Agenda References Chapter 9: Soundscape and Health 9.1 Introduction: A Conceptual Perspective on Soundscape and Health 9.2 Status of Research on Environmental Noise and Health 9.2.1 Noise as a Harmful Environmental Factor 9.2.2 Noise as an Annoyance 9.3 Status of Research on Soundscape and Health 9.3.1 Introduction to the Concept of Soundscape 9.3.2 Auditory System Mechanisms and Multi-sensory Integration 9.3.3 “Subjective” and “Objective” Measurements 9.4 Soundscape and Health 9.4.1 Outline of the Review 9.4.2 Selected Studies on the Health Effect of Soundscapes 9.4.3 Selected Examples of Multisensory Experiences and Combined Exposures 9.4.4 Greenspace, Soundscape, Restoration, and Health 9.4.4.1 Theoretical Premise 9.4.4.2 Greenspace, Acoustic Environment, and Health 9.4.4.3 Greenspace, Acoustic Environment, and Annoyance 9.4.5 Lockdown Soundscapes 9.4.6 Operationalization of Soundscape and Health-Relevance of Acoustic Indicators 9.4.6.1 Characterization of the Soundscape by Appropriate Indicators 9.4.6.2 Improving Classical Acoustic Measures 9.4.6.3 Psychoacoustic Measures 9.4.6.4 Genuine Soundscape Measures 9.4.6.5 Improved Sound and Soundscape Mapping Procedures 9.4.6.6 Soundscape Indicators and Audiovisual Assessments Related to Tranquility and Restoration 9.4.7 Caveats in Extant Soundscape Research and Recommendations to Move Forward 9.5 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 10: Hospital Soundscapes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Why Do We Care About Hospital Soundscapes? 10.2.1 Exposure to Hospital Noise—The Demographics 10.2.2 Economic Importance 10.2.3 Hospital Design and Noise Interact 10.2.4 Patient Views on the Hospital Soundscape 10.3 The Characterization of Hospital Noise 10.3.1 Sound Pressure Levels 10.3.2 Sound Spectra 10.3.3 Sound Levels Over Time 10.3.3.1 Loudness Measures 10.3.3.2 OR(N) as a Measure 10.3.4 Speech in Hospitals 10.3.5 Alarms 10.4 The Impact of Hospital Soundscapes on Staff and Patients 10.4.1 The Impact of the Hospital Soundscapes on Staff 10.4.2 Staff Stress and Auditory Monitoring 10.4.3 Hearing Loss and Staff Performance 10.4.4 The Impact of the Hospital Soundscapes on Patients 10.4.4.1 Sleep 10.4.4.2 Physiology 10.4.4.3 Psychology 10.4.5 Studies of the Hospital Soundscape Using Soundscape/Analytical Approaches 10.5 Interventions 10.5.1 Source Interventions 10.5.2 Path Interventions 10.5.3 Receiver Interventions 10.6 Summary References Chapter 11: How to Put Soundscape into Practice 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Soundscape in Urban Planning 11.1.2 Soundscape Action Plan, Interventions, and Stakeholders 11.2 Soundscape Design and Interventions 11.2.1 From Soundscape Design to Soundscape Intervention 11.2.2 Examples of Soundscape Interventions 11.2.3 The Social Dimension of Soundscape Interventions 11.3 Implementing Soundscape into Practice 11.3.1 Co-creation 11.3.2 Training in Participation 11.3.3 Integrating the Virtual Experience 11.4 Summary References The concept of Soundscape includes all sounds in an environment and focuses on the interrelationship between person, activity and place, both in space and time. The goal of this volume is to present and review the developments in the field of Soundscape, reflecting standardization procedures and diverse applications. Soundscape The Development of a New Discipline Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp, and Andr Fiebig Soundscape: A Construct of Human Perception Andr Fiebig Soundscape: The Holistic Understanding of Acoustic Environments Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp and Pamela Jordan Soundscape and Urban Planning Bennett M. Brooks Architectural Soundscapes: Theories, Methods, and Practice Gary W. Siebein, and Keely M. Siebein Psychoacoustics in Soundscape Research Klaus Genuit, Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp, and Andr Fiebig Measurements and Techniques in Soundscape Research Giovanni Brambilla, and Andr Fiebig Triangulation as a Tool in Soundscape Research Dick Botteldooren, Bert De Coensel, and Francesco Aletta, Jian Soundscape and Health Peter Lercher, and Angel M. Dzhambov Hospital Soundscapes Ilene Busch-Vishniac, and Erica Ryherd How to Put Soundscape into Practice Andr Fiebig, andBrigitte Schulte-Fortkamp