Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere (Topics in Sustainable Agronomy)

This is a completely revised edition of the previously titled Solute Movement in the Soil-Root System . It describes in detail how plant nutrients and other solutes move in the soil in response to plant uptake, and it provides a basis for understanding processes in the root zone so that they can be modeled realistically in order to predict the effects of variations in natural conditions or our own practices. Booknews Oxford scientist Tinker (plant sciences) and Nye (soil science) describe in detail how plant nutrients and other solutes move in the soil in response to leaching and plant uptake, taking into account plants in isolation, crops, mixtures of crops, and natural communities. Their goal is to understand processes in the rhizosphere so fully that they can model them realistically and predict the effects of variations in natural conditions or in human practices. They confess to falling short of that goal, but think they have at least of found a likely path toward it. Retaining the general approach of their 1977 they incorporate subsequent research by expanding the eight chapters to eleven and updating much of the other material. Most of the mechanisms they describe have been worked out for the major nutrient elements, which were the earliest to be studied, but should be applicable with some modification to other solutes, both beneficial and harmful. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com) Contents......Page 16 Main Symbols......Page 18 1 Introduction......Page 24 1.1 The Origin of Current Ideas......Page 25 1.2 The Beginning of the Modern Period (c. 1940–1960)......Page 26 1.3 Wider Perspectives......Page 30 1.4 The Continuity Equation......Page 32 2.1 Water Potential......Page 35 2.2 Transfer of Water......Page 41 2.3 Water Use by Plants......Page 47 2.4 Conclusion......Page 63 3.1 Composition of the Soil Solution......Page 64 3.2 Buffer Power......Page 72 3.4 Cations with Multiple Valency......Page 74 5.5 Environmental Variables that Affect Uptake Rate......Page 149 3.6 Rates of Ionic Interchange between Solid and Solution......Page 78 3.7 Mineralization and Immobilization in Organic Forms......Page 84 3.8 Applications to Whole Crop and Drainage Models......Page 85 3.9 Sorption Reactions of Organic Materials......Page 86 4.1 Diffusion......Page 92 4.2 Diffusion in Soils......Page 98 4.3 Mass Flow and Dispersion in Solution......Page 111 4.4 Gaseous Convection and Diffusion......Page 114 4.5 Mechanical Movement......Page 115 5.1 Root Morphology......Page 116 5.2 The Ion Uptake Process......Page 122 5.3 Ion Uptake Kinetics and Plant Demand......Page 133 5.4 Plant Factors that Affect Uptake Rates......Page 146 5.6 Conclusion......Page 150 6.1 Transport Processes......Page 151 6.2 Experimental Evidence for Theory of Diffusion near Roots with Restricted Mass Flow......Page 158 6.3 Roots with Root Hairs......Page 163 6.4 Simultaneous Diffusion and Convection......Page 166 6.5 The Effect of Soil Moisture Level on Solute Absorption by Single Roots......Page 171 7.1 Physical Effects......Page 177 7.2 Chemical Effects......Page 180 7.3 Direct Effects of Soluble Exudates on Mineral Nutrition......Page 193 8.1 Microbial Substrates in the Rhizosphere......Page 200 8.2 The Microbiological Community and the Processes of the Rhizosphere......Page 206 8.3 Effects on Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition by Mycorrhizal Fungi......Page 215 8.4 Effects of Other Organisms on Nutrient Uptake and Growth......Page 243 8.5 Conclusion......Page 244 9.1 Root–Shoot Relations and the Allocation of Carbon into the Root System......Page 245 9.2 The Morphology and Measurement of Root Systems......Page 251 9.3 Factors Affecting Root Form and Distribution in Soil......Page 262 9.4 Root Distribution and Density in the Field......Page 280 9.5 The Modelling of Root System Growth and Morphology......Page 284 10.1 Types of Models......Page 290 10.2 Relationships between Nutrient Uptake, Plant Composition and Growth, and Soil Supply......Page 293 10.3 Root System Uptake Models for Simplified Conditions without Competition......Page 304 10.4 Uptake by Competing Roots within a Single Root System in Simplified Conditions......Page 306 10.5 Root System Uptake Models with Competition in Simplified Conditions......Page 313 10.6 Whole-Plant Growth and Uptake Models......Page 324 10.7 Conclusion......Page 326 11.1 Uptake of Water and Nutrients by Field Crops in Relation to the Development of Crop Models......Page 329 11.2 Transfer of Solutes in a Profile......Page 337 11.3 Modelling of Monoculture Crops......Page 351 11.4 Nutrient Uptake by Mixed Vegetation......Page 374 11.5 Natural Vegetation......Page 386 11.6 Conclusion......Page 391 References......Page 394 A......Page 456 D......Page 457 F......Page 458 M......Page 459 N......Page 460 P......Page 461 R......Page 462 T......Page 464 Z......Page 465 Main Symbols. 1. Introduction. 2. Soil and Plant Water. 3. Solute Interchange between Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases in the Soil. 4. Local Movement of Solutes in Soil. 5. The Uptake Properties of the Root System. 6. Solute Transport in the Soil near Root Surfaces. 7. Chemical and Physical Modification of the Rhizosphere. 8. Microbiological Modification of the Rhizosphere. 9. Root System Architecture, Density, and Measurement. 10. The Mineral Nutrition of Single Plants in Soil. 11. Solute Transport and Crop Growth Models in the Field. References. Index This is a new edition of the book previously titled Solute Movement in the Soil-Root System, and describes in detail how plant nutrients and other solutes move in the soil in response to plant uptake. It provides a basis for understanding processes in the root zone so that they can be modelled realistically in order to predict the effects of variations in natural conditions or our own practices. The new edition brings the text up-to-date, and it will be less technical This is a completely revised edition of the previously titled Solute Movement in the Soil-Root System. It describes in detail how plant nutrients and other solutes move in the soil in response to plant uptake, and it provides a basis for understanding processes in the root zone so that they can be modeled realistically in order to predict the effects of variations in natural conditions or our own practices.