Solid State Physics : An Introduction

A must-have textbook for any undergraduate studying solid state physics. This successful brief course in solid state physics is now in its second edition. The clear and concise introduction not only describes all the basic phenomena and concepts, but also such advanced issues as magnetism and superconductivity. Each section starts with a gentle introduction, covering basic principles, progressing to a more advanced level in order to present a comprehensive overview of the subject. The book is providing qualitative discussions that help undergraduates understand concepts even if they can?t follow all the mathematical detail. The revised edition has been carefully updated to present an up-to-date account of the essential topics and recent developments in this exciting field of physics. The coverage now includes ground-breaking materials with high relevance for applications in communication and energy, like graphene and topological insulators, as well as transparent conductors. The text assumes only basic mathematical knowledge on the part of the reader and includes more than 100 discussion questions and some 70 problems, with solutions free to lecturers from the Wiley-VCH website. The author's webpage provides Online Notes on x-ray scattering, elastic constants, the quantum Hall effect, tight binding model, atomic magnetism, and topological insulators. This new edition includes the following updates and new features: \* Expanded coverage of mechanical properties of solids, including an improved discussion of the yield stress \* Crystal structure, mechanical properties, and band structure of graphene \* The coverage of electronic properties of metals is expanded by a section on the quantum hall effect including exercises. New topics include the tight-binding model and an expanded discussion on Bloch waves. \* With respect to semiconductors, the discussion of solar cells has been extended and improved. \* Revised coverage of magnetism, with additional material on atomic magnetism \* More extensive treatment of finite solids and nanostructures, now including topological insulators \* Recommendations for further reading have been updated and increased. \* New exercises on Hall mobility, light penetrating metals, band structure Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Preface of the First Edition 13 Preface of the Second Edition 15 Physical Constants and Energy Equivalents 17 Chapter 1 Crystal Structures 19 1.1 General Description of Crystal Structures 20 1.2 Some Important Crystal Structures 22 1.2.1 Cubic Structures 22 1.2.2 Close-Packed Structures 23 1.2.3 Structures of Covalently Bonded Solids 24 1.3 Crystal Structure Determination 25 1.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction 25 1.3.1.1 Bragg Theory 25 1.3.1.2 Lattice Planes and Miller Indices 26 1.3.1.3 General Diffraction Theory 27 1.3.1.4 The Reciprocal Lattice 29 1.3.1.5 The Meaning of the Reciprocal Lattice 30 1.3.1.6 X-Ray Diffraction from Periodic Structures 32 1.3.1.7 The Ewald Construction 33 1.3.1.8 Relation Between Bragg and Laue Theory 34 1.3.2 Other Methods for Structural Determination 35 1.3.3 Inelastic Scattering 35 1.4 Further Reading 36 1.5 Discussion and Problems 36 Chapter 2 Bonding in Solids 41 2.1 Attractive and Repulsive Forces 41 2.2 Ionic Bonding 42 2.3 Covalent Bonding 43 2.4 Metallic Bonding 46 2.5 Hydrogen Bonding 47 2.6 van der Waals Bonding 47 2.7 Further Reading 48 2.8 Discussion and Problems 48 Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties 51 3.1 Elastic Deformation 53 3.1.1 Macroscopic Picture 53 3.1.1.1 Elastic Constants 53 3.1.1.2 Poisson's Ratio 54 3.1.1.3 Relation between Elastic Constants 55 3.1.2 Microscopic Picture 55 3.2 Plastic Deformation 56 3.2.1 Estimate of the Yield Stress 57 3.2.2 Point Defects and Dislocations 59 3.2.3 The Role of Defects in Plastic Deformation 59 3.3 Fracture 61 3.4 Further Reading 62 3.5 Discussion and Problems 63 Chapter 4 Thermal Properties of the Lattice 65 4.1 Lattice Vibrations 65 4.1.1 A Simple Harmonic Oscillator 65 4.1.2 An Infinite Chain of Atoms 66 4.1.2.1 One Atom Per Unit Cell 66 4.1.2.2 The First Brillouin Zone 69 4.1.2.3 Two Atoms per Unit Cell 70 4.1.3 A Finite Chain of Atoms 71 4.1.4 Quantized Vibrations, Phonons 73 4.1.5 Three-Dimensional Solids 75 4.1.5.1 Generalization to Three Dimensions 75 4.1.5.2 Estimate of the Vibrational Frequencies from the Elastic Constants 76 4.2 Heat Capacity of the Lattice 78 4.2.1 Classical Theory and Experimental Results 78 4.2.2 Einstein Model 80 4.2.3 Debye Model 81 4.3 Thermal Conductivity 85 4.4 Thermal Expansion 88 4.5 Allotropic Phase Transitions and Melting 89 References 92 4.6 Further Reading 92 4.7 Discussion and Problems 92 Chapter 5 Electronic Properties of Metals: Classical Approach 95 5.1 Basic Assumptions of the Drude Model 95 5.2 Results from the Drude Model 97 5.2.1 DC Electrical Conductivity 97 5.2.2 Hall Effect 99 5.2.3 Optical Reflectivity of Metals 100 5.2.4 The Wiedemann--Franz Law 103 5.3 Shortcomings of the Drude Model 104 5.4 Further Reading 105 5.5 Discussion and Problems 105 Chapter 6 Electronic Properties of Solids: Quantum Mechanical Approach 109 6.1 The Idea of Energy Bands 110 6.2 Free Electron Model 112 6.2.1 The Quantum Mechanical Eigenstates 112 6.2.2 Electronic Heat Capacity 117 6.2.3 The Wiedemann--Franz Law 118 6.2.4 Screening 119 6.3 The General Form of the Electronic States 121 6.4 Nearly Free Electron Model 124 6.5 Tight-binding Model 129 6.6 Energy Bands in Real Solids 134 6.7 Transport Properties 140 6.8 Brief Review of Some Key Ideas 144 References 145 6.9 Further Reading 145 6.10 Discussion and Problems 145 Chapter 7 Semiconductors 149 7.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 150 7.1.1 Temperature Dependence of the Carrier Density 152 7.2 Doped Semiconductors 157 7.2.1 n and p Doping 157 7.2.2 Carrier Density 159 7.3 Conductivity of Semiconductors 162 7.4 Semiconductor Devices 163 7.4.1 The pn Junction 163 7.4.2 Transistors 168 7.4.3 Optoelectronic Devices 169 7.5 Further Reading 173 7.6 Discussion and Problems 173 Chapter 8 Magnetism 177 8.1 Macroscopic Description 177 8.2 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetism 179 8.3 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism in Atoms 181 8.4 Weak Magnetism in Solids 184 8.4.1 Diamagnetic Contributions 185 8.4.1.1 Contribution from the Atoms 185 8.4.1.2 Contribution from the Free Electrons 185 8.4.2 Paramagnetic Contributions 186 8.4.2.1 Curie Paramagnetism 186 8.4.2.2 Pauli Paramagnetism 188 8.5 Magnetic Ordering 189 8.5.1 Magnetic Ordering and the Exchange Interaction 190 8.5.2 Magnetic Ordering for Localized Spins 192 8.5.3 Magnetic Ordering in a Band Picture 196 8.5.4 Ferromagnetic Domains 198 8.5.5 Hysteresis 199 References 200 8.6 Further Reading 201 8.7 Discussion and Problems 201 Chapter 9 Dielectrics 205 9.1 Macroscopic Description 205 9.2 Microscopic Polarization 207 9.3 The Local Field 209 9.4 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 210 9.4.1 Excitation of Lattice Vibrations 210 9.4.2 Electronic Transitions 214 9.5 Other Effects 215 9.5.1 Impurities in Dielectrics 215 9.5.2 Ferroelectricity 216 9.5.3 Piezoelectricity 217 9.5.4 Dielectric Breakdown 218 9.6 Further Reading 218 9.7 Discussion and Problems 219 Chapter 10 Superconductivity 221 10.1 Basic Experimental Facts 222 10.1.1 Zero Resistivity 222 10.1.2 The Meissner Effect 225 10.1.3 The Isotope Effect 227 10.2 Some Theoretical Aspects 228 10.2.1 Phenomenological Theory 228 10.2.2 Microscopic BCS Theory 230 10.3 Experimental Detection of the Gap 236 10.4 Coherence of the Superconducting State 238 10.5 Type I and Type II Superconductors 240 10.6 High-Temperature Superconductivity 242 10.7 Concluding Remarks 244 References 245 10.8 Further Reading 245 10.9 Discussion and Problems 245 Chapter 11 Finite Solids and Nanostructures 249 11.1 Quantum Confinement 250 11.2 Surfaces and Interfaces 252 11.3 Magnetism on the Nanoscale 255 11.4 Further Reading 256 11.5 Discussion and Problems 257 Appendix A 259 A.1 Explicit Forms of Vector Operations 259 A.2 Differential Form of the Maxwell Equations 260 A.3 Maxwell Equations in Matter 261 Index 263 EULA 267 Filling a gap in the literature for a brief course in solid state physics, this is a clear and concise introduction that not only describes all the basic phenomena and concepts, but also discusses such advanced issues as magnetism and superconductivity. This textbook assumes only basic mathematical knowledge on the part of the reader and includes more than 100 discussion questions and some 70 problems, with solutions as well as further supplementary material available for free to lecturers from the Wiley-VCH website