Solid State Physics

Crystal Structure -- Crystal Structure Determination -- Crystal Binding -- Lattice Vibrations -- Thermal Properties Of Solids -- Dielectric Properties -- Free Electron Theory Of Metals : Part 1 : Model And Applications To Static Properties -- Free Electron Theory Of Metals : Part 2 : Applications To Transport Properties -- Energy Bands In Solids -- Band Theory Of Insulators And Semiconductors -- Magnestim [i.e. Magnetism] -- Magnetic Resonances -- Superconductivity -- Optical Properties Of Solids. R.j. Singh. Includes Bibliographical References. Cover Brief Contents Contents Preface About the Author Chapter 1: Crystal Structure 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Lattice and Basis 1.3 Lattice Translation Vector 1.4 Primitive Cells and Unit Cells 1.5 Wigner–Seitz Cell 1.6 Indexing of Planes, Directions, and Positions of Atoms 1.7 Crystal Systems 1.8 Bravais Lattices 1.9 Symmetry Operations 1.10 Point Groups 1.11 Space Groups 1.12 Screw Axis 1.13 Glide Plane 1.14 Types of Lattices (in 2D and 3D) 1.15 Some Crystal Structures 1.16 Close-packed Structure 1.17 BCC Structure 1.18 Cesium Chloride 1.19 Sodium Chloride 1.20 Diamond Structure 1.21 Zincblende Structure 1.22 Simple Cubic Structure 1.23 Polymorphism and Polytypism Summary Problems References Chapter 2: Crystal Structure Determination 2.1 X-Ray Diffraction 2.2 Laue’s Treatment 2.3 Bragg’s Treatment 2.4 Experimental Methods of X-Ray Diffraction 2.4.1 Laue’s Method 2.4.2 Rotating Crystal Method 2.4.3 Powder Method 2.5 Intensity of X-Ray Reflections 2.5.1 Atomic Scattering Factor 2.5.2 Geometrical Structure Factor 2.5.3 Other Factors Affecting Intensity 2.6 Reciprocal Lattice 2.6.1 Square Lattice 2.6.2 Parallelogram Lattice 2.6.3 Monoclinic Lattice 2.6.4 Relation Between Direct Lattice and Reciprocal Lattice Vectors 2.6.5 Reciprocal to Simple Cubic Lattice 2.6.6 Reciprocal to BCC Lattice 2.6.7 Reciprocal to FCC Lattice 2.6.8 Reciprocal Space or Fourier Space or k Space 2.7 Bragg’s Law in Ewald Construction 2.8 Brillouin Zones 2.8.1 Brillouin Zones of Square Planar Lattice 2.8.2 Brillouin Zones of BCC Lattice 2.8.3 First BZ of FCC Lattice 2.9 Electron Diffraction 2.10 Neutron Diffraction Summary Problems References Chapter 3: Crystal Binding 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ionic Bonding 3.3 Covalent Bonding 3.4 Metallic Bonding 3.5 Bonding in Inert Gases 3.6 Hydrogen Bond Summary Problems References Chapter 4: Lattice Vibrations 4.1 Elastic Waves 4.2 Vibrations of 1D Monoatomic Lattice 4.3 Vibrations of a 1D Diatomic Lattice 4.3.1 Optical Branches in Ionic Crystals (Infrared Absorption) 4.3.2 Three-dimensional Lattice 4.4 Phonons 4.5 Experimental Determination of Dispersion Relations for Lattice Vibrations by Inelastic Neutron Scattering Summary Problems References Chapter 5: Thermal Properties of Solids 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Dulong–Petit’s Law 5.3 Einstein Theory of Specific Heat 5.4 Debye’s Theory of Specific Heat 5.5 Thermal Expansion 5.6 Thermal Conductivity 5.7 Factors Affecting Thermal Conductivity Summary Problems References Chapter 6: Dielectric Properties 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Local Field 6.3 Clausius–Mossotti Relation 6.4 Components of Polarizability 6.4.1 Electronic Polarizability 6.4.2 Ionic Polarizability 6.4.3 Orientational Polarizability 6.4.4 Total Polarizability 6.5 Measurement of Dielectric Constant 6.6 Ferroelectricity 6.7 Electrets (Including Magnetoelectrets and Photoelectrets) 6.8 Hysteresis (Including Domains and Pyroelectricity) 6.9 Piezoelectricity 6.10 Electrostriction 6.11 Applications Summary Problems References Chapter 7: Free Electron Theory of Metals: Part 1: Model and Applications to Static Properties 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Electrical Conductivity (Drude Explanation) 7.3 Thermal Conductivity 7.4 Other Metallic Properties 7.4.1 Specific Heat 7.4.2 Paramagnetic Susceptibility 7.4.3 Diamagnetic Susceptibility 7.4.4 Lorentz Treatment 7.5 Sommerfeld Treatment of Electron Gas 7.6 Fermi—Dirac Statistics 7.7 Density of Electronic States 7.8 Some Other Metallic Properties 7.8.1 Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Electron Gas 7.8.2 Electronic Specific Heat 7.8.3 Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Free Electrons Summary Problems References Chapter 8: Free Electron Theory of Metals: Part 2: Applications to Transport Properties 8.1 Boltzmann Transport Equation 8.2 Sommerfeld Theory of Electrical Conductivity and Related Phenomena 8.2.1 Sommerfeld Theory of Electrical Conductivity 8.2.2 Thermal Conductivity in Metals 8.2.3 Hall Effect (Metals) 8.2.4 Hall Effect (Semiconductors) 8.2.5 Temperature Effect on the Hall Effect of Extrinsic Semiconductors 8.2.6 Effect of Magnetic Field on the Hall Constant 8.2.7 Ettingshausen Effect 8.2.8 Applications of the Hall Effect 8.3 Thermoelectric Effects 8.3.1 Thermopower 8.3.2 Thomson Effect 8.3.3 Seebeck Effect 8.3.4 Peltier Effect 8.3.5 Thomson Relationship 8.4 Quantum Hall Effect 8.4.1 Integral Quantum Hall Effect 8.4.2 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect Summary Problems References Chapter 9: Energy Bands in Solids 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Bloch Theorem and Bloch Functions 9.3 Kronig–Penney Model of Behavior of an Electron in a Periodic Potential 9.4 New Interpretation of Momentum, Velocity, and Mass of Electrons Derived from the Kronig–Penney Model of Motion of Electrons in a 1D Periodic Crystal 9.5 E–K Relationships in Various Representations 9.5.1 Periodic Zone Scheme 9.5.2 Extended Zone Scheme 9.6 Number of Possible States or Wave functions in an Energy Band 9.7 Energy Band Calculations 9.7.1 Origin of the Energy Gap 9.7.2 The NFE Approximation 9.7.3 The TB Approximation 9.7.4 Energy Bands in Insulators, Semiconductors, and Metals 9.8 Fermi Surfaces 9.8.1 The Harrison Method of Constructing the Fermi Surfaces 9.8.2 Fermi Surfaces in Metals 9.9 The Experimental Study of Fermi Surfaces 9.9.1 The dHvA Effect 9.9.2 Cyclotron Resonance Summary Problems References Chapter 10: Band Theory of Insulators and Semiconductors 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Materials Used as Semiconductors 10.1.2 Band Gaps of Some Semiconductor Materials 10.1.3 Direct and Indirect Band Gaps 10.1.4 Band Structure of Semiconductor Materials 10.2 Classification of Semiconductors into Pure and Impure Types 10.2.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 10.2.2 Concentration of Electrons in the Conduction Band 10.2.3 Hole Concentration in the Valence Band 10.2.4 Fermi Level in Intrinsic Semiconductor 10.2.5 Law of Mass Action 10.2.6 Electrical Conductivity in Intrinsic Semiconductors 10.3 Extrinsic Semiconductors 10.4 Statistics of Extrinsic Semiconductors (Carrier Concentration, Fermi Level, and Electrical Conductivity) 10.4.1 Statistics of the n-type Semiconductors 10.4.2 Statistics of the p-type Semiconductors 10.4.3 Mixed Semiconductors 10.5 Junction Properties 10.5.1 Metal–Metal Contacts 10.5.3 Energy Bands of Semiconductors with p–n Junctions 10.5.4 Effect of External Voltage on the Width of the Depletion Layer 10.5.5 Devices Using p–n Junctions 10.6 Transistors Summary Problems References Chapter 11: Magnetism 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Magnetic Moment of an Atom 11.3 Magnetic Susceptibility of Diamagnetic Substances (Classical Method) 11.4 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Diamagnetic Susceptibility 11.5 Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Substances (Classical Method) 11.6 Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Substances (Quantum Mechanical Treatment) 11.7 Nuclear Paramagnetism 11.8 Paramagnetism of Metals (Pauli Paramagnetism) 11.9 Landau Diamagnetism 11.10 Cooling by Adiabatic Demagnetization 11.11 Ferromagnetism 11.12 Magnetic Susceptibility of Ferromagnetic Substances at Temperatures Greater than TC 11.13 Direction of the Magnetic Moment of Ferromagnetics (Energy of Magnetic Anisotropy) 11.14 Magnetization or Hysteresis Curve of Ferromagnetic Materials 11.15 Origin of Ferromagnetic Domains 11.16 The Bloch Wall 11.17 Viewing of Domain Structure 11.18 Antiferromagnetism 11.18.1 Molecular Field Theory of Antiferromagnetism 11.19 Ferrimagnetism 11.20 Spin Waves (Magnons) 11.21 Spontaneous Magnetization at a Temperature T: Bloch T3/2 Law 11.22 Magnons in Antiferromagnets 11.23 Some New Magnetic Materials: GMR–CMR Effects 11.24 Colossal Magnetoresistance Summary Problems References Chapter 12: Magnetic Resonances 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 12.2.1 Chemical Shift 12.2.2 Spin–Spin Splitting 12.2.3 Width of Signal 12.2.4 The Bloch Theory 12.2.5 The NMR Apparatus 12.2.6 Applications of NMR 12.3 The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 12.3.1 The EPR Apparatus 12.3.2 Relaxation Processes 12.3.3 Materials Giving EPR Signals 12.3.4 Fine Structure Splitting 12.3.5 The Hyperfine Structure 12.3.6 Applications 12.4 The Ferromagnetic Resonance 12.5 The Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Summary Problems References Chapter 13: Superconductivity 13.1 Superconductivity 13.2 Experimental Attributes of Superconductivity 13.2.1 Critical Temperature 13.2.2 Critical Magnetic Field 13.2.3 Critical Current 13.2.4 Persistent Current 13.2.5 Effects of Magnetic field 13.2.6 Type 1 and Type 2 Superconductors 13.2.7 Intermediate State 13.2.8 Vortex State 13.2.9 Thermal Conductivity 13.2.10 Entropy 13.2.11 Specific Heat 13.2.12 Energy Gap 13.2.13 Microwaves and Infrared Properties 13.2.14 Isotope Effect 13.2.15 Coherence Length 13.2.16 Best Conductors Are Not Superconductors 13.3 Theoretical Aspects of Superconductivity 13.3.1 Thermodynamics of Superconducting Transition 13.3.2 The London Equations 13.3.3 Ginzburg–Landau Theory 13.3.4 The BCS Theory 13.4 Single Particle Tunneling and Josephson’s Effects 13.4.1 Giaever Tunneling 13.4.2 DC Josephson Effect 13.4.3 AC Josephson Effect 13.4.4 Macroscopic Quantum Interference 13.5 High-temperature Superconductivity 13.5.1 Chronological Growth of Tc of Superconductors 13.5.2 Some HTS and their Tc values 13.5.3 Comparison of the Conventional Superconductors and HTSs 13.5.4 The Crystal Structure of Some HTS 13.5.5 Proposed Mechanisms of High-temperature Superconductivity 13.5.6 Symmetry of the Order Parameter in HTS Summary Problems References Chapter 14: Optical Properties of Solids 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 The Interaction of Light with Solids 14.1.2 Experimentally Observed Quantities 14.1.3 Connection of the Empirically Observed Quantities with the Optical Constants and the Dielectric Constants 14.1.4 Optical Properties of Metals and their Relation to the Dielectric Constants 14.2 Luminescence of Solids 14.3 Types of Luminescent Systems 14.3.1 Absorption and Emission of Energy at the Same Center 14.3.2 Luminescence Due to Energy Transfer With No Movement of Charge 14.3.3 Luminescence in Systems Involving Transfer of Charge 14.4 Electroluminescence 14.5 The Excitons 14.5.1 Weakly Bound Excitons (Mott and Wannier) 14.5.2 Tightly Bound Excitons (Frenkel) 14.6 Color Centers 14.6.1 F-center Summary Problems References Appendix A: Table of Constants Appendix B: Notes on the Units of Measurement Appendix C: Conversion Factors of CGS Units in Mechanics Index Solid state physics forms an important part of the undergraduate syllabi of physics in most of the universities. The existing competing books by Indian authors have too complex technical language which makes them abstractive to Indian students who use English as their secondary language. Solid State Physics is written as per the core module syllabus of the major universities and targets undergraduate B.Sc students. The book uses lecture style in explaining the concepts which would facilitate easy understanding of the concepts. The topics have been dealt with precision and provide adequate knowledge of the subject Solid state physics forms an important part of the undergraduate syllabi of physics in most of the universities. The existing competing books by Indian authors have too complex technical language which makes them abstractive to Indian students who use English as their secondary language. Solid State Physics is written as per the core module syllabus of the major universities and targets undergraduate B. Sc students. The book uses lecture style in explaining the concepts which would facilitate easy understanding of the concepts. The topics have been dealt with precision and provide adequate know