راهنمای خنک‌سازی خورشیدی: راهنمایی برای فرآیندهای خنک‌سازی و رطوبت‌زدایی با کمک خورشید

New edition of a classic Our energy system faces a fundamental transformation and renewable energies will play a dominant role in the future energy supply. One of the promising solutions is the use of solar thermal energy in buildings, for cooling, heating and domestic hot water preparation. Solar thermal systems for providing heat and cold to industrial processes show a high potential, too. In the last decade, the application of solar driven cooling systems achieved a significant progress. Steps forward have been taken in the design of system concepts to specific needs and in more reliable and efficient operation of the installed plants. New systems are available on the market and cover a broad range of cooling capacities and driving temperatures. This handbook provides an overview on the various solutions to convert solar heat into useful cooling, reports about experiences made with realized installations and gives support in the design process. Its use will strongly contribute to achieve high quality solar cooling systems which provide significant energy savings and fulfil the user’s requirements in a safe and reliable way. * Handbook for the design of solar assisted air-conditioning systems * With detailed specifications for practitioners Contents Preface Notes from the editors 1 Introduction 2 Meteorological data, heating and cooling loads and load sub-systems 2.1 Solar radiation, ambient temperature and humidity 2.1.1 Average quantities 2.2 Availability of climatic data, sources of weather data 2.3 Building space heating, domestic hot water and air conditioning needs 2.3.1 Efficient building design practice 2.3.2 Heating and cooling load: definitions and calculation methods 2.3.3 Domestic hot water load profiles 2.4 Industrial heating and cooling 2.4.1 Preliminary analysis required data 2.4.2 System design data: thermal load profile 2.5 The load sub-system – air-conditioning equipment 2.5.1 All-air systems 2.5.2 Water systems 2.5.3 Air-water systems 3 Components of solar thermal systems 3.1 The solar thermal collector 3.1.1 Assessment of the collector’s thermal performance 3.1.2 C ollector yield for long term performance prediction 3.2 Solar thermal collector technologies 3.2.1 Flat-plate collectors 3.2.2 Solar air collector 3.2.3 Evacuated tube collectors 3.2.4 Evacuated flat plate collectors 3.2.5 PV-thermal hybrid collectors 3.2.6 Stationary concentrating collectors 3.2.7 Solar concentrating tracking collectors (PTC, LFR) 3.2.8 Summary 3.3 Testing and certification of solar thermal collectors 3.3.1 Applicable test standards 3.3.2 C ertification schemes 3.4 Heat storage 3.4.1 Hot water stores 3.4.2 Storages with phase change materials 3.5 Backup heater 4 Heat driven cooling technologies: closed cycles 4.1 Principles of absorption and adsorption cooling 4.1.1 Absorption chillers 4.1.2 Adsorption chillers 4.2 Other closed cycles 4.3 Complementary components – Heat rejection systems 4.3.1 The challenge of heat rejection 4.3.2 Types of heat rejection devices 4.3.3 C old storage 5 Heat driven cooling technologies: open cycle systems 5.1 Principles and materials of desiccant cooling systems 5.2 Solid desiccant systems 5.2.1 System performance 5.2.2 Solar desiccant cooling systems (SDEC): examples, control and operation 5.2.3 Possible operational problems 5.2.4 Main components of solid DEC air handling units 5.3 Liquid dessicant systems 6 Solar cooling system characterization 6.1 Generic system schemes 6.1.1 Basic system topology 6.1.2 C omposition of generic systems 6.1.3 System control and hydraulics 6.1.4 Selection guide and system examples 6.2 Pre-engineered systems 6.3 Custom-made systems 6.3.1 L arge-capacity installations 6.3.2 Desiccant cooling systems 7 Energy and economic figures for solar cooling 7.1 Performance of conventional chillers 7.2 Performance of thermally driven chillers 7.3 Energy performance of solar driven cooling systems 7.3.1 Fractional PE savings 7.3.2 Primary energy sensitivity analysis of solar cooling systems 7.3.3 O ther useful energy performance parameters 7.4 Environmental impact analysis 7.5 Economic figures of solar cooling systems 8 Overall system design, sizing and design tools 8.1 Suitability analysis of a targeted building for a defined solar air-conditioning application 8.1.1 Presentation and objectives of the check-list 8.1.2 Selection of the appropriate system technology: the SAC decisionscheme 8.1.3 Selection of the proper type of solar collectors for the selected air-conditioning system and thermally driven cooling equipment 8.2 System sizing 8.2.1 Guidelines 8.2.2 Simple pre-design tools 8.2.3 Detailed simulation tools 9 Solar thermal system design 9.1 Field configuration parallel/series, high/low-flow 9.1.1 General characteristic of high/low-flow systems 9.1.2 Heat needs of solar cooling systems 9.1.3 Heat needs of domestic hot water and space heating preparation 9.1.4 Possible layouts and control strategies for collector fields for solar cooling systems with DHW and SH production (solar combi-plus-systems) 9.2 Stagnation of solar plants 9.2.1 Stagnation in collector fields 9.2.2 Implications of stagnation on the solar pump group 9.3 Stratification and necessary hot water storage tank volume 9.3.1 Heat input from solar collectors to the heat stores 9.3.2 Heat input from solar collectors into the heat store for solar combi-systems with solar cooling 9.3.3 Necessary volumes in the tank for solar combi-systems without cooling 9.3.4 Storage volume for solar combi-systems with solar cooling 9.3.5 Stratification 9.4 Other components of the solar loop for solar cooling systems 10 Pre-engineered systems: built examples and experiences 10.1 What can be expected from a pre-engineered system? 10.2 Built examples 10.3 Experiences 10.3.1 Installation issues 10.3.2 Commissioning 10.3.3 Maintenance issues 10.3.4 C ontrol issues 10.4 Recommendations for system suppliers 10.4.1 Electricity consumption of auxiliary components 10.4.2 Heat rejection components 10.4.3 Part load operation 10.4.4 Pressure drop in the system 10.4.5 Nominal flow rates – high temperature differences 10.4.6 Use of a cold store 10.4.7 Influence of heat rejection temperature 11 Experiences from installed custom made systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Built examples 11.2.1 Example 1: office building in Gleisdorf – Austria 11.2.2 Example 2: education centre in La Reunion island – France 11.2.3 Example 3: Industrial application in Grombalia – Tunisia 11.3 Experiences 11.3.1 C omponents integration and layouts 11.3.2 C omponent sizing 11.3.3 C ontrol strategies 11.3.4 Commissioning 12 DEC systems: built examples and experiences 12.1 Built examples 12.1.1 ENERGY base 12.1.2 Munich Airport 12.1.3 DREAM Unipa 12.2 Experiences 12.3 Control strategy definition 13 Summary and outlook 13.1 Overall technology status 13.2 Energy performance 13.3 Basic design guidelines and operation principles 13.4 Economics 13.5 Outlook 14 Appendix 14.1 The IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 14.2 TASK 38 Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 14.2.1 Objectives 14.3 TASK 38 management structure 14.3.1 O perating Agent 14.3.2 Subtask Leaders 14.4 Institutions participating in Task 38 This handbook explores the design of a solar assisted air-conditioning system. It provides an overview of the various solutions used to convert solar heat into useful cooling as well as offers specifics and detailed specifications. Our energy system faces a fundamental transformation and renewable energies will play a dominant role in the future energy supply. One of the promising solutions is the use of solar thermal energy in buildings, for cooling, heating and domestic hot water preparation. Solar thermal systems for providing heat and cold to industrial processes show a high potential, too. In the last decade, the application of solar driven cooling systems achieved a significant progress. Steps forward have been taken in the design of system concepts to specific needs and in more reliable and efficient operation of the installed plants. New systems are available on the market and cover a broad range of cooling capacities and driving temperatures. This handbook provides an overview on the various solutions to convert solar heat into useful cooling, reports about experiences made with realized installations and gives support in the design process. Its use will strongly contribute to achieve high quality solar cooling systems which provide significant energy savings and fulfil the user s requirements in a safe and reliable way

Our energy system faces a fundamental transformation and renewable energies will play a dominant role in the future energy supply. One of the promising solutions is the use of solar thermal energy in buildings, for cooling, heating and domestic hot water preparation. Solar thermal systems for providing heat and cold to industrial processes show a high potential, too. In the last decade, the application of solar driven cooling systems achieved a significant progress. Steps forward have been taken in the design of system concepts to specific needs and in more reliable and efficient operation of the installed plants. New systems are available on the market and cover a broad range of cooling capacities and driving temperatures. This handbook provides an overview on the various solutions to convert solar heat into useful cooling, reports about experiences made with realized installations and gives support in the design process. Its use will strongly contribute to achieve high quality solar cooling systems which provide significant energy savings and fulfil the user's requirements in a safe and reliable way.

In vielen Ländern trägt die sommerliche Raumklimatisierung maßgeblich zum Energieverbrauch von Gebäuden bei. Eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zur Reduktion ist die Nutzung von thermischer Solarenergie in Systemen der solar unterstützten Klimatisierung. Der große Vorteil liegt dabei in der weitgehenden Zeitgleichheit von Kühllasten und Solargewinnen, zumindest im saisonalen Maßstab. Allerdings wurden bis heute weltweit nur vergleichsweise wenige Systeme installiert, und es liegen nur geringe Erfahrungen hinsichtlich Auslegung und Betrieb solcher Anlagen vor. Das Ziel dieser mittlerweile in der 3. Auflage vorliegenden Handbuchs ist es, zur Beseitigung dieses Mangels beizutragen und den Planer bei der Auslegung von Anlagen der solar unterstützten Klimatisierung, die thermische Solarkollektoren als Wärmequelle nutzen, zu unterstützen. In vielen Ländern trägt die Raumklimatisierung maßgeblich zum Energieverbrauch von Gebäuden bei. Eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit ist die solar unterstützte Klimatisierung. Der große Vorteil liegt dabei in der weitgehenden Zeitgleichheit von Kühllasten und Solargewinnen, zumindest im saisonalen Maßstab. Ziel des Handbuchs ist es, den Planer bei der Auslegung von Anlagen, die thermische Solarkollektoren als Wärmequelle nutzen, zu unterstützen. H.-M. Henning, M. Motta, D. Mugnier