Solar and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems: Lectures Held at the Astrophysics School XI Organized by the European Astrophysics Doctoral Network (EADN) in ... 1998 (Lecture Notes in Physics (577))

Both the high level of activity in worldwide space exploration programmes and the discovery of extra-solar planets have spurred renewed interest in the physics and evolution dynamics of solar systems. The present book has grown out of a set of lectures by leading experts in the field within the framework of the well-known EADN summer schools. It addresses primarily graduate students and young researchers but will be equally useful for scientists in search of a comprehensive tutorial account that goes beyond the material found in standard textbooks. Chapter 1 Introduction – Solar and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems Chapter 2 1 Introduction 2 The Solar System 3 The Sun 4 The Planets 4.1 Jupiter and Saturn 4.2 Uranus and Neptune 4.3 Earth and Venus 4.4 Mercury, Mars and Pluto 5 The Minor Bodies 5.1 Comets 5.2 Asteroids 5.3 Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt Objects 5.4 Meteors and Dust 6 Other Planetary System 7 Conclusions 8 References Chapter 3 1 Introduction 2 Stellar Nurseries: Molecular Clouds 3 Classifying Young Stars 4 How Does a Young Star Evolve onto the Main Sequence? 5 Outflows 6 Disks Around Young Stars 7 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 4 1 Introduction 2 Observational Data 2.1 Radial Velocity Measurements 2.2 Planetary Transits of HD 209458 2.3 Microlensing Searches 3 Theoretical Models 3.1 The Basic Picture 3.2 The Role of Disc–Planet Tidal Interaction 3.3 N–body Effects 4 Future Directions 5 Conclusions References Chapter 5 1 Introduction 2 Thermal Structure 3 Chemical Composition 4 Cloud Structure 4.1 The Nature of Clouds 4.2 Jupiter Cloud Structure: The Galileo Results 4.3 Jupiter and Saturn: The Belt-Zone System 5 Abundance Ratios 5.1 D/H 5.2 Gy Ago 5.3 He/H 5.4 C/H 5.5 P/H, S/H, N/H, O/H in Jupiter and Saturn 6 Titan 6.1 Thermal Structure and Atmospheric Composition 6.2 The Surface of Titan 6.3 The Origin of Titan 7 The Future of the Exploration of the Giant Planets References Chapter 6 1 The Observational Constraints 2 The Input of Stellar Physics 2.1 Gravitational Collapse and Protoplanetary Disks 2.2 T-Tauri/FU-Orionis Phases 2.3 Stellar Nucleosynthesis 2.4 The Interstellar Medium 3 Early Theories of Solar-System Formation 3.1 Turbulence Model 3.2 The Nebular Theory 3.3 The Tidal Theories 4 A Plausible Model of Solar System Formation 4.1 The Condensation Sequence 4.2 Terrestrial Planets and Giant Planets 4.3 Accretion Time Scales 4.4 A Test for the Nucleation Model: C/H and D/H in the Giant Planets 4.5 Isotopic Anomalies in Meteorites: Evidence for Inhomogeneities in the Primordial Nebula 4.6 The Role of Collisions 5 Planetary Atmospheres 5.1 Primary and Secondary Atmospheres 5.2 Stability of a Molecule in a Planetary Atmosphere 5.3 Chemical Composition of Planetary Atmospheres References Chapter 7 1 Introduction 2 The Two-Body Problem 2.1 Equations of Motion 2.2 Orbital Position and Velocity 2.3 Kepler’s Equation 2.4 The Orbit in Space 3 The Three-Body Problem 3.1 Equations of Motion 3.2 The Jacobi Integral 3.3 Lagrangian Equilibrium Points 3.4 Tadpoles and Horseshoes 3.5 Trojan Asteroids and Satellites 3.6 Janus and Epimetheus 4 The Disturbing Function 4.1 Perturbing Potential 4.2 Literal Expansion to Second Order 4.3 Lagrange’s Planetary Equations 4.4 Secular, Resonant and Short-Period Terms 4.5 The Effect of Planetary Oblateness 5 The Dynamics of Resonance 5.1 Resonance in the Solar System 5.2 The Geometry of Resonance 5.3 The Pendulum Model 5.4 Libration Width 5.5 Resonance Splitting 5.6 Resonant Encounters in Satellite Systems 6 Chaos and Long-Term Evolution 6.1 Regular and Chaotic Orbits 6.2 The Rotation of Hyperion 6.3 The Kirkwood Gaps 6.4 The Stability of the Solar System 7 Planetary Rings 7.1 Ring Systems 7.2 Types of Resonance 7.3 Location of Resonances 7.4 Waves in Rings 7.5 The Encke Gap and Pan 7.6 The Adams Ring of Neptune 8 Summary References Chapter 8 1 Introduction 2 Specific Intensity and Radiance 3 Reflectance and Albedo 4 Hapke’s Parameters 4.1 Non-isotropic, Multiple Scattering 4.2 The Opposition Effect 4.3 Macroscopic Roughness 5 Conclusions References Chapter 9 1 Introduction 2 Mercury’s Orbit 3 The Structure of the Surface 4 Mineralogy and Volatiles 5 The Exosphere 6 The Magnetic Field 7 ESA’s Mercury Orbiter Mission – Bepi Colombo 8 Conclusions References Chapter 10 1 Introduction 2 Satellite Classification and the Exceptions 3 Sphericity 4 Roche’s Limit and Tidal Forces 5 Cratering and Re-surfacing 6 Tenuous Atmospheres 7 Solid-State Greenhouse Effect 8 Sputtered Exospheres 9 Low Energy Plasma Properties – An Introduction 10 Satellite Supply of Heavy Ions 11 The Unusual Case of Iapetus 12 Summary References Chapter 11 1 Introduction 2 The Mars Pathfinder Mission 3 Atmospheric Composition and Surface Pressure 4 Atmospheric Opacity 5 Colour of the Sky 6 Sky Brightness Models 7 Effects of Dust on Surface Photometry 8 Conclusions Acknowlegdments References Chapter 12 1 Introduction 2 Asteroids 2.1 The Main-Belt Asteroids 2.2 The Trojan Asteroids 2.3 Near Earth Asteroids 3 Comets 3.1 The Comet Nucleus 3.2 Cometary Tails 3.3 Comet Dynamics 4 The Trans-Neptunian Region 4.1 The Centaurs 4.2 The Cubiwanos 4.3 The Plutinos 4.4 The Scattered Objects 5 Inter-relationships References Chapter 13 1 Introduction 2 Brightness Observations and in Situ Detection of Dust 2.1 Zodiacal Light and Zodiacal Emission Observations 2.2 Light Scattering at Dust Particles 2.3 Temperature of Dust Particles 2.4 In Situ Measurements 3 Predominant Forces and Overall Structure of the Dust Cloud 3.1 Acting Forces 3.2 Electric Grain Charge and Lorentz Force 3.3 The Overall Structure 4 The Solar Corona: Dust Inward from 0.3 AU 4.1 The Solar Corona 4.2 Solar Corona Observations 4.3 Dynamics of Dust Near the Sun 5 Interstellar Dust in the Solar System 5.1 Dust in the Interstellar Medium 5.2 The Heliosphere and the Local Interstellar Medium 5.3 The Flux of Interstellar Dust into the Solar System 5.4 Experimental Results 6 Dust in the Kuiper Belt Region and in Interstellar Debris Shells 6.1 New Observations of Circumstellar Dust: The Vega Phenomenon 6.2 Spatial Distribution of Dust in Vega-Type Systems 6.3 Optical Properties and Size Distribution of Eust in Vega -Type Systems 6.4 The Gas Component in Vega Type Systems 7 Future Studies: Dust and Extrasolar Planets Acknowledgement References Chapter 14 1 Historical Background 2 The Life of a Meteoroid Stream 2.1 The Meteoroid Ejection Process 2.2 The Evolution of Streams 2.3 The End, Observed Meteors 3 Outbursts in Meteor Showers 3.1 The Perseids 3.2 The Lyrids 3.3 The Leonids 4 Conclusions References