Soils in Waste Treatment and Utilization : Volume II: Pollutant Containment, Monitoring, and Closure

In these books, we bring together and correlate recent information known to have a prominent influence on the rate of movement of pollutants from wastes and their leachates in the soil. The emphasis is on those characteristics most amenable to modification and their management, such that secure and rational choices of disposal can be made. Identification of limits of the state of the art are carefully defined. This book presents five distinct but related subject matter sections. The first topic relates to soil as a natural system to prepare the reader with a basic knowledge of soil properties as they must become involved in waste management at the disposal facility. The soil, its depth-profile, and certain characteristics are identified and described. Content: Cover Title Page Copyright Page PREFACE THE AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENT Table of Contents SOILS INVOLVED WITH WASTE BURIALS Chapter 1: Landfills, Trenches, Encapsulations, and Other Burials I. Rationale and Scope II. Sanitary Landfill A. Scope B. Development C. Limitations D. Site Selection E. The Soil I. Landfill Liners 2. Landfill Covers 3. Revegetation Ill. Trenches IV. Encapsulation References Chapter 2: Soil Liners for Landfills, Impoundments, and Ponds I. Rationale and Scope II. Soil Properties Affecting Attenuation III. Liners A. Concepts of Liners B. Compacted SoilC. Salt-Expanded Soil D. Soil Cements E. Soil Sealants F. Limestone Liners 1. Crushed Limestone 2. Leachate Relationships 3. Limestone Particle Size 4. Limestone Quality 5. Limestone Thickness G. Hydrous Oxides of Iron IV. Liners for Burials A. Landfills I. Attenuation of Pollutants 2. Waste Characteristics 3. MSW Leachate Effects upon Liners 4. Kinds of Soil Liners for Landfills B. Trenches and Encapsulations V. Liners for Surface Impoundments VI. Liners for Freshwater Ponds A. Freshwater Ponds B. Oxidative Ponds C. Sediment Collection Ponds D. Embankment PondsE. Excavated Ponds F. Aquaculture Ponds References Chapter 3: Gases, Odors, and Aerosols I. Scope II. Gas Control A. Origin and Nature of Waste Gases B. Gas Movement through Soil C. Gas Control 1. Reduction in Production 2. Channels, Vents, Piping, Cover Control, and Barriers 3. Collection and Absorption of Gases 4. Chemical Combinations D. Gas Monitoring III. Odor Control A. Origin and Nature B. Odor Detection and Movement C. Odor Control D. Odor Monitoring IV. Aerosols A. Microbial Aerosols B. Dust and Other Emissions V. Soil Filter-Scrubbers A. ApplicationB. General Principles and Procedures for Use C. Biochemical and Biological Aspects D. Physical Aspects References PREDICTING POLLUTION TRANSFORMATIONS AND MOBILITY Chapter 4: Screening Protocol for Predicting Waste Treatability I. Scope A. Disposal Controls B. Purpose C. Generating Data for Predictions D. Previous Work II. Screening Tests and Pilot Experiments A. Requirements of the Test B. Controlled Laboratory Tests vs. Natural Field Tests III. Specific Methods A. Soil Sampling B. Chemical Analyses C. Physical Analyses D. Microbial Population and Biodegradation1. Dilution Plating Technique 2. Respirometry E. Acute Microbial Toxicity and Biodegradation 1. Toxicity Reduction via MicrotoxTM Analyzer 2. Field Plot Toxicity Reduction Experiments 3. Dehydrogenase Activity Method F. Chronic Microbial Toxicity and Mutagenicity G. Phytotoxicity 1. Seed Germination Method 2. Seedling Establishment Method 3. Root Mat Technique H. Mineral Excess and Plant Growth Decrement 1. Controlled-Environment Plot Experiments 2. Field-Plot Experiments I. Permeability J. Volatilization K. Soil Erosion