[Society of Earth Scientists Series] Dynamics of the Earth System: Evolution, Processes and Interactions (Contributions from Scientific Ocean Drilling) ||

This book highlights Indian scientific endeavours and contributions to answering the vast multitude of questions posed by our changing environment. The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) explores Earth{u2019}s history and dynamics using deep ocean drilling platforms to recover the data locked inside seafloor sediments and rocks. Since 2009, Indian scientists have been actively engaged in these expeditions. Scientists from various Earth Science disciplines have seized this opportunity to offer their expertise in order to help unravel the mysteries of the past {u2013} by delving deep into the valuable sedimentary records of our oceans. This book presents a compilation of some of their most important findings to motivate and encourage young minds for their enhanced role in the cutting edge science of ocean drilling Series Editor Foreword Foreword Preface Contents About the Editors Introduction—Scientific Drilling in the Indian Ocean: An Earth System Process Perspective 1 Himlayan-Tibetan Orogeny and Long Term Climate Evolution 1.1 Indian Monsoon Rainfall (IODP Expedition 353) 1.2 Bengal Fan 1.3 Indus Fan 2 The Indonesian Throughflow Expedtion 2.1 Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and the Australian Monsoon 3 Maldives and Equatorial Indian Ocean 3.1 Maldives Monsoon and Sea Level 4 South African Climates 4.1 The South African Climates and Agulhas Current Density Profile 5 Plate Deformation Zones 5.1 “The Nature of the Lower Crust and Moho at Slower Spreading Ridges”—SloMo 5.2 To Understand the Role of Input Materials in the Northern Sumatra Subduction 6 Concluding Remarks References Morphological and Chemical Properties of Microtektite Grains from Bay of Bengal (IODP Expedition 354) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Morphological Characteristics of the Microtektites 5 Shapes, Size and Color 6 Surface Sculpturing 7 Compositional Characteristics of Microtektites 8 Evidence of Extraterrestrial Materials Within the Microtektite Layer 9 Conclusions References Assessing Mid-pleistocene to Holocene Sea-Ice Extent and Carbonate Compensation Depth Fluctuations in the Japan Sea: A Multiproxy Approach 1 Introduction 2 Location, Lithology, and Hydrography of Japan Sea 2.1 Material and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Distribution of IRD and Detrital 3.2 Distribution of Foraminifera 3.3 Environmental Preferences of Dominant Planktic Species 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Modern Radiolarians Recovered from the Mudline Samples at IODP-341 Sites in the South Alaska Basin, North East Pacific Ocean 1 Introduction 2 Radiolarians from Mudline Samples 3 Results 3.1 Radiolarians in the Mudline, Hole U1417D 3.2 Radiolarians in the Mudline, Hole U1418C 3.3 Radiolarians in the Mudline Hole U1419A 3.4 Radiolarians in the Mudline, Hole U1421A 4 Conclusion References Carbon Stable Isotope Source Signature of Bulk Organic Matter in Middle Bengal Fan Sediment Collected During IODP Expedition 354 1 Introduction 2 Site 3 Materials and Method 4 Results 4.1 TOC, N, C/N Ratio and δ13C of Sedimentary OM 5 Discussion 5.1 Preservation of OM 5.2 Source of OM 6 Conclusion References Geochemistry of Marine Carbonates from Hole 1394, off the Coast of Montserrat, IODP Expedition-340; Implications on Provenance, Paleoenvironment and Lesser Antilles Arc Migration 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Stratigraphy and Nature of Sediments 4 Results 4.1 Geochemistry 5 Discussion 5.1 Europium Anomalies (Eu/Eu*) 5.2 Cerium Anomalies (Ce/Ce*) 5.3 Er/Nd Ratios 5.4 Age of the Carbonates 5.5 Depth Wise Variation in Geochemical Parameters 5.6 Source Weathering and Alteration Characteristics 5.7 Contamination and Diagenetic Alterations 5.8 Temperate (Cool Water) Versus Tropical (Warm Water) Carbonates 5.9 Th/U Ratios 5.10 Paleo-redox Characteristics 5.11 Total Carbon and Carbonate Content 5.12 Shifting of Platformal Carbonates to Deep Ocean: Evidence from Ce and La (Pr/Pr*) Anomalies 5.13 Tectonic Setting 6 Conclusions References Morpho-taxonomy of Corycaeid Cyclopoids from Lakshadweep Sea, South Eastern Arabian Sea—A Part of the Indian Ocean 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Sedimentological Attributes and Quartz Microtexture in the Levee Sediments of a Submarine Channel in Context of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet Fluctuations: A Study from Site U-1359 of IODP-318 Expedition 1 Introduction 2 Site U1359 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results 4.1 Grain Size Analysis 4.2 Quartz Grain Microtextures 5 Discussion 5.1 Sedimentary Processes 5.2 Depositional Environment 6 Conclusions References Late Quaternary Sedimentation and Slope Failure Events on the Costa Rican Margin 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Samples and Data 2.2 Sample Processing for XRD Analysis 2.3 Quantification of Clay Minerals 2.4 Sample Processing for XRF Analysis 2.5 Sample Processing for IRMS Analysis 2.6 Age Model 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Clay Minerals 3.2 Quantification of Major Elements 3.3 Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes 4 Summary and Conclusions References mtCOI Sequence-Based Barcoding of Calanoid Copepods from Lagoon Waters of Lakshadweep, South-west Coast of India 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Molecular Records and Systematics of the Calanoid Copepods 3.2 Barcode Library Developed for the Calanoid Copepods 4 Discussion References A Summary of the South China Sea Evolution 1 Introduction 2 Regional Geological Setting 3 Evolution History 4 Dynamics of the South China Sea 4.1 The Tectonic Extrusion Model 4.2 Backarc Extension Model 4.3 Two-Stage Rifting Model 4.4 Proto-SCS Dragging Model 4.5 Models that Involve Extension Induced by Mantle Plume 4.6 Combined Model References Microbial Community Profile of Deep-Sea Sediment from Eastern Arabian Sea (IODP 355) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Deep Sea Sediment Cores IODP 2.2 DNA Extraction 2.3 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing 3 Quality Control, Taxonomic Assignment, Diversity Estimation and Total Cell Counts 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Total Cell Counts 4.2 Taxonomic Assignment and Microbial Diversity References