Socialism as the Development of Liberalism: Marxist Analysis of Values (Marx, Engels, and Marxisms)

This book addresses the question of what socialism is according to fundamental values rather than institutions. Arguing that Marxist socialism is not only more gradual but also more radical than how it is usually understood, this book shows that socialism extends liberalism by inheriting and furthering liberal justice, including fundamental human rights. Simultaneously, socialism ultimately rejects liberalism because it does not consider liberal values, such as liberty and equality, societys primary principles. Satoshi Matsui offers a new theory: alienation has two dimensions. Marxists seek to rectify policies that violate justice in a capitalist society, and injustice in capitalism is alienations first dimension. From a communist societys perspective, however, justice itself is an alienated idea and the second dimension of alienation. Marxs theory of alienation does not deny the liberal theory of justice but is rather a universal system that encompasses it. By fundamentally reexamining Marxism, this volume provides a basic guideline for overcoming capitalist society and constructing a communist society. Satoshi Matsui is Professor of Economics at Senshu University, Japan, where he teaches Marxist economics and social philosophy. He studied philosophy at the University of Tokyo and earned a Ph.D. in economics at Hitotsubashi University. He has also worked for Ritsumeikan University and Toyama University, Japan, in the past Series Editors’ Foreword 7 Titles Published 7 Titles forthcoming 9 Preface 13 Acknowledgments 20 References 21 Contents 22 List of Figures 25 List of Tables 26 1 Socialism and Liberal Normative Theories 27 1.1 Introduction 27 1.2 Development of Liberal Normative Theories 28 1.2.1 Welfare Liberalism 29 1.2.2 Neoliberalism 30 1.2.3 Egalitarian Liberalism 30 1.2.4 Libertarianism 31 1.2.5 Communitarianism 32 1.2.6 Identity Crisis of Liberalism 33 1.3 Socialism and Liberal Normative Theories 33 1.3.1 Socialism and Liberal Normative Theories 33 1.3.2 Slogan of the French Revolution 35 1.4 Summary 36 References 37 2 Socialism and Moral Philosophy 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Theories of Moral Philosophy 41 2.3 Liberal Normative Theories and Moral Philosophy 42 2.4 Socialism and Moral Philosophy 45 2.5 Summary 50 References 52 3 Justice 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Concept of Justice 56 3.3 Tucker-Wood Thesis 56 3.4 Geras’s Analysis and Resolution of Controversy 57 3.5 Reconsidering Nine Points 60 3.6 A Common Characteristic of Two Interpretations and New Proposal 64 3.7 Marxism and Justice 66 References 68 4 Liberty 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Liberal Concepts of Liberty 72 4.2.1 Liberalism and Liberty 72 4.2.2 Subject, Constraint, and Purpose 73 4.2.3 Civil Liberty and Absolute Liberty 75 4.3 Marxist Concepts of Liberty 75 4.3.1 Regulative Liberty 76 4.3.2 Personal Liberty 77 4.3.3 Relations Among Marxist Concepts of Liberty 78 4.4 Suppression of Civil Liberties 82 4.4.1 Spontaneous Order 82 4.4.2 Principle of Self-Ownership 84 4.4.3 Antitotalitarianism 85 4.4.4 Collective Subject 87 4.5 Absolute Liberty 88 4.5.1 Regulative Liberty 89 4.5.2 Personal Liberty 89 4.6 Marxism and Liberty 92 References 97 5 Equality 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Equalization and Socialization of Resources 104 5.2.1 Definition of Concepts 104 5.2.2 Socialization of Productive Assets 104 5.2.3 Socialization of Means of Consumption 106 5.2.4 Comparison with Liberalism 106 5.3 Equality of Opportunity and Condition 108 5.3.1 Definition of Concepts 108 5.3.2 Equalization and Equality of Opportunity and Condition 109 5.3.3 Socialization and Equality of Opportunity 110 5.3.4 Socialization and Equality of Condition 111 5.3.5 Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Condition 112 5.4 Equality without Community 113 5.5 Equality for Community 115 5.6 Marxism and Equality 117 5.6.1 Evaluation of Controversy 117 5.6.2 Welfare State and Egalitarianism 119 References 123 6 Property 127 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Definition of Property and Labor 128 6.3 Theory of Labor 131 6.4 Theory of Ownership of Means of Production 134 6.5 Marxism and Property 139 References 145 7 Utility 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Definition of Utilitarianism 149 7.3 Three Interpretations 150 7.4 Stages of Social Development 152 7.4.1 Capitalist Society 153 7.4.2 Socialist Society 154 7.4.3 Communist Society 155 7.5 Marxism and Utility 156 References 159 8 Essence 162 8.1 Introduction 162 8.2 Two Types of Ethics 163 8.2.1 Deontology 163 8.2.2 Utilitarianism 164 8.2.3 Two Types of Ethics 165 8.3 Nonwelfarist Consequentialism 166 8.3.1 Definition 166 8.3.2 Marxism and Nonwelfarist Consequentialism 166 8.4 Social Systems and Ethics 167 8.5 Problematic Elements of Essentialism 169 8.5.1 Relativism 169 8.5.2 Moralism 171 8.5.3 Elitism 172 8.5.4 Paternalism 173 8.6 Marxism and Essence 174 References 176 9 Community 179 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 Communitarianism 180 9.3 Nine Elements of Marxist Concept of Community 181 9.3.1 Moralism 181 9.3.2 Perfectionism 182 9.3.3 Liberalism 183 9.3.4 Individualism 185 9.3.5 Conservatism 185 9.3.6 Localism 187 9.3.7 Particularism 188 9.3.8 Democracy 189 9.3.9 Radicalism 190 9.4 Marxism and Community 192 References 197 10 Alienation 200 10.1 Introduction 200 10.2 Theories of Justice and Alienation as Normative Theories 200 10.3 Three Points on Framework 202 10.3.1 Idealism and Materialism 202 10.3.2 Historical Universalism and Historical Relativism 203 10.3.3 Individualism and Socialism 204 10.4 Values 205 10.4.1 Scope of Alienation Theory 205 10.4.2 Injustice as a Part of Alienation 206 10.4.3 Justice as Alienation 208 10.5 Two Dimensions of Alienation 210 References 213 11 Socialism as the Development of Liberalism 215 11.1 Socialism as the Extension of Liberalism 215 11.2 Socialism as the Negation of Liberalism 217 11.3 Socialism as the Development of Liberalism 218 11.3.1 Development of Liberalism 218 11.3.2 Historical Materialism and Revolutionary Subject 220 11.3.3 Crisis of Liberalism and Its Resolution 221 11.4 Conclusion 223 References 224 Name Index 225 Subject Index 230