Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945

Over The Past Century, The United States Has Created A Global Network Of Military Bases. While The Force Structure Offers Protection To U.s. Allies, It Maintains The Threat Of Violence Toward Others, Both Creating And Undermining Security. Amy Austin Holmes Argues That The Relationship Between The U.s. Military Presence And The Non-u.s. Citizens Under Its Security Umbrella Is Inherently Contradictory. She Suggests That The While The Host Population May Be Fully Enfranchised Citizens Of Their Own Government, They Are At The Same Time Disenfranchised Vis-a-vis The U.s. Presence. This Study Introduces The Concept Of The Protectariat As They Are Defined Not By Their Relationship To The Means Of Production, But Rather By Their Relationship To The Means Of Violence. Focusing On Germany And Turkey, Holmes Finds Remarkable Parallels In The Types Of Social Protest That Occurred In Both Countries, Particularly Non-violent Civil Disobedience, Labor Strikes Of Base Workers, Violent Attacks And Kidnappings, And Opposition Parties In The Parliaments-- Machine Generated Contents Note: 1. Introduction: The Global American Military Presence In Comparative Perspective; 2. Social Unrest And The American Military Presence In Turkey During The Cold War; 3. Social Unrest And The American Military Presence In Germany During The Cold War; 4. From Shield To Sword: The End Of The Cold War To The Invasion Of Iraq; 5. Conclusion: Losing Ground. Amy Austin Holmes. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title page 5 Copyright information 6 Table of contents 7 Acknowledgments 9 List of Acronyms 11 1 Introduction 13 Introduction 13 Baseworld and the Protectariat 16 From Theories of Expansion to the Empirics of Contraction 19 State of the Field – Existing Literature 20 The Puzzle 27 Explanatory Framework – Concepts for Analysis 27 Understanding the Causes of Anti-Base Unrest 27 The Production of Violence and Protection 31 Collateral Harm 35 Understanding the Consequences and Impact of Anti-Base Movements 37 Sources of Vulnerability and Sources of Power 38 Case Selection 43 The Turkish Case 44 The German Case 46 Comparing Cases 48 Anti-Base Unrest in the Post–Cold War Era 52 Data Sources 54 2 Social Unrest and the American Military Presence in Turkey during the Cold War 56 Introduction 56 Before the Protest Cycle 56 The Early Years: The Creation of İncirlik 56 The 1950s: The Expansion of the U.S. Presence 60 The 1960 Coup 69 The Opposition Cycle Begins 71 1960s: The Beginnings of Organized Protest 71 Opposition within the Parliament – Türkiye İşçi Partisi 75 Opposition in the Street: Protests against the Sixth Fleet 80 Opposition on the Bases: Strikes of Turkish Workers at U.S. Military Facilities 86 Opposition to the U.S. Presence and the Turn to Armed Struggle 92 Consequences of Social Unrest in the 1960s 97 The U.S. Presence after the Protest Cycle 98 1970s: The Arms Embargo and the Suspension of the Treaty 98 1980s: Martial Law and Reducing the Visibility of the U.S. Military 100 1990s: The Gulf War and the No-Fly Zone 103 Conclusion 106 3 Social Unrest and the American Military Presence in Germany during the Cold War 107 Introduction 107 Before the Protest Cycle 109 Establishing the U.S. Presence in Germany 109 Containment 112 The Opposition Cycle Begins 113 Armed Struggle: The Red Army Faction and the Revolutionary Cells 113 The Double Track Decision and the U.S. Presence 124 Opposition in the Street 126 Symbolic Civil Disobedience: Blockades of Military Bases and Missile Depots 129 “In Case of Setback, the Government Should Dissolve the People and Elect A New One” 131 “We Like Your Face, Not Your Base” 134 Modernization, Wartime Host Nation Support, and the Master Restationing Plan 135 War Games 138 From Symbolic to Disruptive Civil Disobedience: Maneuver Obstructions or “Don’t Defend Us to Death!” 142 Opposition in the Parliament: The Greens 144 The View from Washington 148 Opposition on the Bases: Labor Unrest of Civilian Employees 151 Low-Altitude Flights 155 Military Air Shows and the Disaster at Ramstein 156 Conclusion: From Protective Power to Pernicious Protection 159 4 From Shield to Sword 165 Introduction 165 The 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review 168 Germany 170 The Iraq War 173 Obtaining Basing Access in Germany 173 The Anti-War Movement in Germany 178 Bases in Germany – War in Iraq 180 Battles in the Courtroom 182 Turkey 183 The Anti-Base Movement in Turkey 190 Splits within the AKP 191 Organized Labor and the Iraq War 193 Public Opinion 194 5 Conclusion 201 What Were the Causes of Anti-Base Unrest? 202 What Form did the Opposition Take? 204 What Were the Consequences of Anti-Base Opposition? 206 Parliamentary Opposition 207 Armed Struggle 210 Civil Disobedience 213 Labor Unrest 215 Controlling the Uncontrollable 220 Downsizing Does Not Solve the Problem 220 Liaisons Can Only Do So Much 221 When Your Allies No Longer Need You 222 When You Need the Consent of Foreign Citizens More Than Your Own 222 Democratizing an Undemocratic Protection Regime 222 List of Interviews Conducted in the United States 223 Archive Documents for Germany 224 List of Interviews conducted in Germany 226 Archive Documents for Turkey 228 List of Interviews Conducted in Turkey 230 Bibliography 233 Newspapers and Other Online News Sources 248 Index 249 "Over the past century, the United States has created a global network of military bases. While the force structure offers protection to U.S. allies, it maintains the threat of violence toward others, both creating and undermining security. Amy Austin Holmes argues that the relationship between the U.S. military presence and the non-U.S. citizens under its security umbrella is inherently contradictory. She suggests that the while the host population may be fully enfranchised citizens of their own government, they are at the same time disenfranchised vis-a-vis the U.S. presence. This study introduces the concept of the "protectariat" as they are defined not by their relationship to the means of production, but rather by their relationship to the means of violence. Focusing on Germany and Turkey, Holmes finds remarkable parallels in the types of social protest that occurred in both countries, particularly non-violent civil disobedience, labor strikes of base workers, violent attacks and kidnappings, and opposition parties in the parliaments"-- Provided by publisher Over the past century, the United States has created a global network of military bases. While the force structure offers protection to US allies, it maintains the threat of violence toward others, both creating and undermining security. Amy Austin Holmes argues that the relationship between the US military presence and the non-US citizens under its security umbrella is inherently contradictory. She suggests that while the host population may be fully enfranchised citizens of their own government, they are at the same time disenfranchised vis-à-vis the US presence. This study introduces the concept of the 'protectariat' as they are defined not by their relationship to the means of production, but rather by their relationship to the means of violence. Focusing on Germany and Turkey, Holmes finds remarkable parallels in the types of social protest that occurred in both countries, particularly non-violent civil disobedience, labor strikes of base workers, violent attacks and kidnappings, and opposition parties in the parliaments. Amy Austin Holmes argues that the relationship between US military presence in foreign countries and the non-US citizens under its security umbrella is inherently contradictory. She suggests that while the host population may be fully enfranchised citizens of their own government, they are at the same time disenfranchised vis-à-vis the US presence.