Social Psychological Foundations of Health and Illness (Blackwell Series in Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 2)

social Psychological Foundations Of Health And Illness is A Summary Of Current Research In Social-health Psychology. The Chapters, Written By Distinguished Leaders In The Field, Provide Brief Surveys Of Classic Developments In Each Area Of Study Followed By Extended Discussion Of The Authors’ Research Programs. includes State-of-the-art Descriptions Of New Findings And Theories Concerning Social Aspects Of Physical Health And Illness. discusses Virtually All Of The Major Topics Studied In The Contemporary Field Of Social-health Psychology. contains Chapters Written By Leading Figures In The Field That Discuss Their Own Research Within The Context Of Classic Efforts. Cover 1 Contents 6 Part I: Models of Health/Risk Behavior and Behavior Change 6 Part II: Social-cognitive Processes in Health 6 Part III: Personality and Health 7 Part IV: Adaptation to Stress and Chronic Illness 7 Contributors 8 Preface 10 Introduction 11 The Present Volume 15 Organization of the Present Volume 16 Conclusion 20 Acknowledgments 20 References 21 Part I - Models of Health/Risk Behavior and Behavior Change 22 1. Healthy Life-style Across the Life-span: The Heck with the Surgeon General! 24 Introduction 24 Scientific Inferences about Health 28 The Terman Cohort 29 Neglect of Precursors and Complex Causal Pathways, Including Self-selection into Environments 31 Personality 34 Co-morbidity 37 Conclusion 38 Acknowledgments 39 References 39 2. Exploring the Links Between Risk Perceptions and Preventive Health Behavior 43 Introduction 43 Initial Steps 43 Unrealistic Optimism about Personal Risk 44 Finding the Right Context for Health Behavior Research 48 Risk Perceptions and Precautions for Radon 49 Radon Experiments 51 The Risk Perception–Risk Behavior Literature 53 Reducing Unrealistic Optimism about Personal Risk 56 Stages of Precaution Adoption 59 What We Don’t Know 67 Toward the Future 69 Acknowledgments 70 Note 70 References 71 3. Communicating about Health: Message Framing, Persuasion, and Health Behavior 75 Introduction 75 Highlights from a Ten-year Program of Research on Health Message Framing 79 Mechanism 86 Summary 96 Acknowledgments 97 Notes 97 References 97 4. The Information–Motivation– Behavioral Skills Model: A General Social Psychological Approach to Understanding and Promoting Health Behavior 103 Introduction 103 The Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills Model 104 Establishing the Generality of the IMB Model as an Approach to Understanding and Promoting Health Behavior 113 Concluding Comments 123 Acknowledgments 124 References 124 5. A Social Reaction Model of Adolescent Health Risk 128 Introduction 128 Reasoned Approaches 129 Moderators of the BI–behavior Relation 130 The Prototype/Willingness Model 130 Sources of Risk Images 140 Changing Risk Cognitions and Risk Behavior 144 Conclusion 149 Notes 150 References 150 6. Affect, Thought, and Self-protective Health Behavior: The Case of Worry and Cancer Screening 158 Introduction 158 Social Psychological Theories and Affect 160 The Concept of Worry 164 Does Worry Matter? Worry and Breast Cancer Screening 166 Implications 177 Conclusions 182 Acknowledgments 182 Note 182 References 183 7. Social-cognitive Factors in Health Behavior Change 190 Introduction 190 Misjudging Risk Information 191 Underestimating Self-relevant Risk 195 Forming an Intention to Change: Continuum Models of Health Behavior 199 Different Processes at Different Stages: Dynamic Models of Health Behavior Change 202 Conclusions 210 Acknowledgments 212 Note 213 References 213 Part II - Social-cognitive Processes in Health 218 8. Common Sense Models of Illness: Implications for Symptom Perception and Health-related Behaviors 220 Introduction 220 Self-referral Delay: The Layperson as Diagnostician 221 Fundamental Psychological Processes in Symptom Perception 223 The Common Sense Model (CSM) of Health and Illness Behavior 226 The Role of Illness Representations in Common Sense Models of Illness 226 The Role of Affect in Common Sense Models of Illness 231 Social Context and Common Sense Models of Illness 234 The Lay Referral Network 236 Conclusion 239 Authors’ Note 239 References 239 9. Contributions of Social Comparison to Physical Illness and Well-being 247 Introduction 247 Early History 248 Theoretical Developments in Social Comparison after Festinger and Schachter 250 Can Social Comparisons Make People Sick? 255 Role of Comparisons in Prevention and Health Behaviors 258 Social Comparison and Patients’ Adaptation to Illness 264 Conclusion 270 Acknowledgments 270 References 270 10. Interpersonal Emotional Processes in Adjustment to Chronic Illness 277 Introduction 277 Historical Perspectives on Dyadic Relationships, Emotions, and Health 280 Theoretical Perspectives on Close Relationships and Emotional Regulation 283 Translation from Theory to Research 291 Implications and Speculations Concerning Future Research on Interpersonal Emotional Processes in Adjustment 296 Further Complexities 300 Acknowledgments 303 References 303 11. The Social, Linguistic, and Health Consequences of Emotional Disclosure 309 Introduction 309 A Brief History of the Writing Paradigm 309 Cognitive Integration Ideas 312 Explorations into Language 314 In Search of Cognitive Measures 320 Towards a Theory of Social Integration 321 Individual Differences 326 General Summary and Theoretical/ Practical Implications 328 Acknowledgments 330 References 330 12. Affiliation, Social Support, and Biobehavioral Responses to Stress 335 Introduction 335 The Psychology of Affiliation 337 Benefits of Social Support 338 Physiologic and Neuroendocrine Studies of Acute Stress 339 Studies of Responses to Acute Stress 340 Gender, Affiliation, and Stress Responses 341 Gender, Affiliation, and Neuroendocrine Responses 343 Conclusion 346 Acknowledgments 346 References 347 Part III - Personality and Health 354 13. Toward a Social Psychophysiology of Cardiovascular Reactivity: Interpersonal Concepts and Methods in the Study of Stress and Coronary Disease 356 Introduction 356 Cardiovascular Reactivity and the Development of Coronary Heart Disease 357 Psychosocial Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease 359 A Primer of Interpersonal Theory and Methods 362 Circumplex Concepts and Methods in Reactivity Research 366 Future Directions 377 Authors’ Note 379 References 379 14. Gender-related Traits and Health 388 Introduction 388 Unmitigated Communion and Health 392 Explanations for Unmitigated Communion and Poor Health 393 Unmitigated Agency and Health 402 Explanations for Unmitigated Agency and Poor Health 403 Conclusions 410 Author’s Note 411 References 411 15. Self-regulatory Processes and Responses to Health Threats 7 Introduction 416 Behavioral Self-regulation 417 Optimism, Pessimism, and Coping with Health Threats 433 Optimism, Pessimism, and Coping 438 Concluding Comment 443 Acknowledgments 444 References 444 Part IV - Adaptation to Stress and Chronic Illness 7 16. The Influence of Psychological Factors on RestorativenFunction in Health and Illness 452 Introduction 452 Restorative Function in the Context of“Positive Psychology” 452 Social Interaction as Restoration 457 Natural Environments as Restoration 461 Sleep, Restoration, and Health 463 Physical Activity as Restoration 464 Conclusions: Psychological Aspects of Restorative Function 466 Acknowledgments 467 References 467 17. Coping and Adjustment to Rheumatoid Arthritis 479 Introduction 479 Broad Dimensions versus Narrow Strategies 481 Assessing Strategies versus Functions 483 Specificity Imbalance in Current Inventories vis-à-vis Emotion- versus Problem-focused Strategies 485 Assessment of Dispositional versus Situated Coping 487 Some Representative Findings Using a Multidimensional Coping Inventory 488 Need for More Sophisticated Analytic Strategies 496 The Value of Multiple or Alternative Methodologies 501 Conclusions 509 Authors’ Note 510 Notes 510 References 511 18. Daily Processes in Health and Illness 516 Introduction 516 The Daily Process Paradigm 517 Daily Stress and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease 520 The Measurement and Temporal Dynamics of Coping 529 The Pursuit of Personal Goals in Daily Life with Chronic Pain 532 Daily Processes in Substance Use 537 Conclusions 543 Acknowledgments 543 Notes 544 References 544 19. Scenes from a Marriage: Examining Support, Coping, and Gender within the Context of Chronic Illness 551 Introduction 551 Coping with Chronic Illness 552 Examining Marital Coping within an Ecological Framework 554 Conceptual Models of Marital-level Coping 559 On with the Dance: Couples’ Coping with Rheumatic Disease 561 The Missing Variable of Gender 567 Concluding Remarks 573 Acknowledgments 574 Notes 574 References 575 Index 581 Cover......Page 1 Part II: Social-cognitive Processes in Health......Page 6 Part IV - Adaptation to Stress and Chronic Illness......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 Preface......Page 10 Introduction......Page 11 The Present Volume......Page 15 Organization of the Present Volume......Page 16 Acknowledgments......Page 20 References......Page 21 Part I - Models of Health/Risk Behavior and Behavior Change......Page 22 Introduction......Page 24 Scientific Inferences about Health......Page 28 The Terman Cohort......Page 29 Neglect of Precursors and Complex Causal Pathways, Including Self-selection into Environments......Page 31 Personality......Page 34 Co-morbidity......Page 37 Conclusion......Page 38 References......Page 39 Initial Steps......Page 43 Unrealistic Optimism about Personal Risk......Page 44 Finding the Right Context for Health Behavior Research......Page 48 Risk Perceptions and Precautions for Radon......Page 49 Radon Experiments......Page 51 The Risk Perception–Risk Behavior Literature......Page 53 Reducing Unrealistic Optimism about Personal Risk......Page 56 Stages of Precaution Adoption......Page 59 What We Don’t Know......Page 67 Toward the Future......Page 69 Note......Page 70 References......Page 71 Introduction......Page 75 Highlights from a Ten-year Program of Research on Health Message Framing......Page 79 Mechanism......Page 86 Summary......Page 96 References......Page 97 Introduction......Page 103 The Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills Model......Page 104 Establishing the Generality of the IMB Model as an Approach to Understanding and Promoting Health Behavior......Page 113 Concluding Comments......Page 123 References......Page 124 Introduction......Page 128 Reasoned Approaches......Page 129 The Prototype/Willingness Model......Page 130 Sources of Risk Images......Page 140 Changing Risk Cognitions and Risk Behavior......Page 144 Conclusion......Page 149 References......Page 150 Introduction......Page 158 Social Psychological Theories and Affect......Page 160 The Concept of Worry......Page 164 Does Worry Matter? Worry and Breast Cancer Screening......Page 166 Implications......Page 177 Note......Page 182 References......Page 183 Introduction......Page 190 Misjudging Risk Information......Page 191 Underestimating Self-relevant Risk......Page 195 Forming an Intention to Change: Continuum Models of Health Behavior......Page 199 Different Processes at Different Stages: Dynamic Models of Health Behavior Change......Page 202 Conclusions......Page 210 Acknowledgments......Page 212 References......Page 213 Part II - Social-cognitive Processes in Health......Page 218 Introduction......Page 220 Self-referral Delay: The Layperson as Diagnostician......Page 221 Fundamental Psychological Processes in Symptom Perception......Page 223 The Role of Illness Representations in Common Sense Models of Illness......Page 226 The Role of Affect in Common Sense Models of Illness......Page 231 Social Context and Common Sense Models of Illness......Page 234 The Lay Referral Network......Page 236 References......Page 239 Introduction......Page 247 Early History......Page 248 Theoretical Developments in Social Comparison after Festinger and Schachter......Page 250 Can Social Comparisons Make People Sick?......Page 255 Role of Comparisons in Prevention and Health Behaviors......Page 258 Social Comparison and Patients’ Adaptation to Illness......Page 264 References......Page 270 Introduction......Page 277 Historical Perspectives on Dyadic Relationships, Emotions, and Health......Page 280 Theoretical Perspectives on Close Relationships and Emotional Regulation......Page 283 Translation from Theory to Research......Page 291 Implications and Speculations Concerning Future Research on Interpersonal Emotional Processes in Adjustment......Page 296 Further Complexities......Page 300 References......Page 303 A Brief History of the Writing Paradigm......Page 309 Cognitive Integration Ideas......Page 312 Explorations into Language......Page 314 In Search of Cognitive Measures......Page 320 Towards a Theory of Social Integration......Page 321 Individual Differences......Page 326 General Summary and Theoretical/ Practical Implications......Page 328 References......Page 330 Introduction......Page 335 The Psychology of Affiliation......Page 337 Benefits of Social Support......Page 338 Physiologic and Neuroendocrine Studies of Acute Stress......Page 339 Studies of Responses to Acute Stress......Page 340 Gender, Affiliation, and Stress Responses......Page 341 Gender, Affiliation, and Neuroendocrine Responses......Page 343 Acknowledgments......Page 346 References......Page 347 Part III - Personality and Health......Page 354 Introduction......Page 356 Cardiovascular Reactivity and the Development of Coronary Heart Disease......Page 357 Psychosocial Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease......Page 359 A Primer of Interpersonal Theory and Methods......Page 362 Circumplex Concepts and Methods in Reactivity Research......Page 366 Future Directions......Page 377 References......Page 379 Introduction......Page 388 Unmitigated Communion and Health......Page 392 Explanations for Unmitigated Communion and Poor Health......Page 393 Unmitigated Agency and Health......Page 402 Explanations for Unmitigated Agency and Poor Health......Page 403 Conclusions......Page 410 References......Page 411 Introduction......Page 416 Behavioral Self-regulation......Page 417 Optimism, Pessimism, and Coping with Health Threats......Page 433 Optimism, Pessimism, and Coping......Page 438 Concluding Comment......Page 443 References......Page 444 Restorative Function in the Context of“Positive Psychology”......Page 452 Social Interaction as Restoration......Page 457 Natural Environments as Restoration......Page 461 Sleep, Restoration, and Health......Page 463 Physical Activity as Restoration......Page 464 Conclusions: Psychological Aspects of Restorative Function......Page 466 References......Page 467 Introduction......Page 479 Broad Dimensions versus Narrow Strategies......Page 481 Assessing Strategies versus Functions......Page 483 Specificity Imbalance in Current Inventories vis-à-vis Emotion- versus Problem-focused Strategies......Page 485 Assessment of Dispositional versus Situated Coping......Page 487 Some Representative Findings Using a Multidimensional Coping Inventory......Page 488 Need for More Sophisticated Analytic Strategies......Page 496 The Value of Multiple or Alternative Methodologies......Page 501 Conclusions......Page 509 Notes......Page 510 References......Page 511 Introduction......Page 516 The Daily Process Paradigm......Page 517 Daily Stress and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease......Page 520 The Measurement and Temporal Dynamics of Coping......Page 529 The Pursuit of Personal Goals in Daily Life with Chronic Pain......Page 532 Daily Processes in Substance Use......Page 537 Acknowledgments......Page 543 References......Page 544 Introduction......Page 551 Coping with Chronic Illness......Page 552 Examining Marital Coping within an Ecological Framework......Page 554 Conceptual Models of Marital-level Coping......Page 559 On with the Dance: Couples’ Coping with Rheumatic Disease......Page 561 The Missing Variable of Gender......Page 567 Concluding Remarks......Page 573 Notes......Page 574 References......Page 575 Index......Page 581 "Social Psychological Foundations of Health and Illness" is a summary of current research in social-health psychology. The chapters, written by distinguished leaders in the field, provide brief surveys of classic developments in each area of study followed by extended discussion of the authors' research programs. Topics discussed include virtually all of the major issues studied in the contemporary field of social-health psychology, including disease etiology, prevention, intervention and adaptation to illness. Using a variety of presentational styles, the chapter authors integrate past findings and offer directions for future developments. "Social Psychological Foundations of Health and Illness" is a vital resource for all those interested in how social factors affect physical health and well-being