Social Paediatrics, Safeguarding Children & Child Abuse : Prepare for the MRCPCH. Key Articles from the Paediatrics & Child Health journal

Social Paediatrics, Safeguarding Children & Child Abuse is a new e-book in a collection of subject-themed e-books containing relevant key articles from Paediatrics & Child Health. The e-books provide a perfect source of revision for post-graduate exams in paediatrics and portfolio material for life-long learning. As well as mapping to the requirements of post-graduate training in paediatrics, these e-books also enable anyone with a short-term interest in a specific area to buy individual articles at a price-point that will give affordable access to all readers (from medical students to GPs and practitioners in related areas). The quality of user experience on mobiles, tablets and laptops will be an added bonus for learning on the move. About the journal The parent journal (http://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/) is a rolling, continuously updated review of clinical medicine over a 4-year cycle covering all the important topics for post-graduate exams in paediatrics. The journal’s articles are refreshed, updated, augmented or replaced as appropriate each time the subject is due for revision to provide a concise overview of knowledge and practice core to the curriculum. Each article is written by invited experts and overseen by the relevant subject specialist on the Board. A trainee representative on the Board ensures relevance and accessibility for exam candidates. Front Cover Social Paediatrics, Safeguarding Children and Child Abuse: Prepare for the MRCPCH Copyright Page PREFACE Table of Contents Section 1: Social Paediatrics Using the new UK-WHO growth charts Introduction Early years charts School age charts Down Syndrome chart FURTHER READING Inequalities in children’s health in the UK Introduction Evidence for a gradient of child health outcomes by social class Mediating factors for the effect of socioeconomic status on child health Policy and practice interventions to reduce child health inequalities Policy objective recommendations in the Marmot review FURTHER READING Parenting interventions to promote child health Introduction Family Nurse Partnership Triple P Incredible Years Programme Conclusion FURTHER READING Housing and child health Introduction Crowding, frequent moves and insecurity State and condition of housing Perspective FURTHER READING The Healthy Child Programme: how did we get here and where should we go? Origins The changing focus of CHP — evidence based medicine The Healthy Child Programme — aims and content What are other countries doing? So, are we doing too much or too little? What are the outcomes that matter? Can we measure them? Are we measuring up: using the data to make change? Rethinking the model Child Health and wellbeing: the role of the paediatrician The future FURTHER READING BACKGROUND READING SPECIFIC PAPERS The role of the medical expert in care proceedings Advocacy and the paediatrician What is advocacy? Why is advocacy part of the work of the paediatrician? History of paediatric advocacy Underpinning principles for advocacy Methods and techniques for advocacy Current pressing issues for advocacy in the UK and globally Adolescent health Special needs pupils Corporal punishment in the home Health impact of climate change Whistle blowing Training of paediatricians in advocacy Pitfalls of advocacy The future FURTHER READING Children’s attachments Definition Foundations of attachment Patterns of attachment Considering attachment in paediatric clinics Attachment and ADHD Autism or attachment? Behaviour management Safeguarding Substitute parenting Working with attachment FURTHER READING Community care of children with complex health needs Introduction Which children have complex health needs? Epidemiology Needs based assessments and care coordination Education advice Social support Interventions Transition Summary FURTHER READING New insights into air pollution and children’s health Traffic-derived air pollution Indoor air pollution Future research FURTHER READING Section 2: Safeguarding Children The epidemiology of child maltreatment Introduction and background Incidence and prevalence of child maltreatment Deaths related to child maltreatment Abusive head trauma (AHT) Causality, risk factors and predictors of child maltreatment Impact and interventions Summary and conclusions FURTHER READING Child maltreatment during infancy: atypical parent—infant relationships Introduction Definition The prevalence early abuse Parent—infant interaction Consequences of child maltreatment during the first 2 years of life Factors influencing parent—infant interaction The role of the paediatrician Assessment Early identification and assessment Conclusions FURTHER READING Interpreting physical signs of child maltreatment: ‘grey cases’ and what is ‘reasonably possible’ Introduction Bruising Human bite marks Intra-oral injuries Oronasal haemorrhage in infants Burns Abusive head trauma Limb fractures Rib fractures Stairway injuries Questions that may arise in court Conclusion FURTHER READING Dental neglect in children Introduction Dental development Common oral conditions and treatment Dental care provision Dental neglect FURTHER READING Radiological features of child maltreatment Background The skeletal survey Skeletal injuries in child abuse Differential diagnosis FURTHER READING Section 3: Child Abuse Safeguarding children — understanding the roles of Named and Designated Professionals Context Guidance Named Professionals Designated Professionals FURTHER READING Child sexual abuse: recognition and response when there is a suspicion or allegation Introduction Definition CSA through the eyes of the victim — lessons to be learnt Outcomes of CSA — a reason to believe Prevalence Characteristics and patterns of CSA Perpetrators of CSA Recognition of CSA Allegation Symptoms Behavioural or emotional difficulties Psychosomatic symptoms Physical signs Responding to the allegation (Figure 1) Consent and sharing information The physical examination Positioning and the anogenital examination Documentation of abnormalities Investigations Sexually transmitted infections (STI) Conveying sensitive information Conclusion: a proposed holistic approach within an ecological model FURTHER READING Peer review in child protection Introduction Background Clinical supervision Peer review Emotional support Peer review process Documentation and audit Pitfalls of child protection peer review Examples of good practice Future challenges Conclusion FURTHER READING Identifying human bite marks in children Introduction Characteristics of a human bite mark Animal bites Other marks that mimic human bite marks Assessment of the bite mark Adult or child? Comparative analysis Abusive bite marks Conclusion and implications for practice FURTHER READING Burns as a consequence of child maltreatment Introduction What burns do children sustain? Distinguishing characteristics between intentional and unintentional scalds Characteristics of intentional non-scald burns Co-existent features that may raise your concerns Cautionary note — burn mimickers Conclusions FURTHER READING Giving evidence in court Introduction Types of court proceedings Professional and expert witnesses Assessing and documenting findings in child protection cases Evidence-informed practice Preparing a court report — structure; tips for good practice Giving evidence in court Conclusions FURTHER READING