Social Exclusion and the Way Out : An Individual and Community Response to Human Social Dysfunction

Social Exclusion and the Way Out focuses on the key issues which promote an understanding of the development of integrative models of care and resettlement. Consideration is given to the role of statutory and non-statutory agencies in facilitating the development of the individual to become included in the community. Practical insights into the management and development of opportunities for individuals draws on best practice from examples of vulnerable groups. Social Exclusion and the Way Out 3 Contents 7 About the Author 11 Preface 13 Acknowledgements 15 Introduction 17 About this Book 21 Part I Individual Functioning and Social Exclusion 25 Chapter 1 Exclusion from Society 27 What is Social Exclusion? 27 Social Policy Perspectives on Social Exclusion 28 Who is Responsible? 30 Poverty and Social Exclusion 32 Social Groups: Behavioural Perspectives 34 Social Identification 37 Chapter 2 Individual Functioning 43 The Concept of Self 43 The Mind, Body and Soul 45 Contemporary Views on Brain Function 47 Consciousness: A Unique Function of the Human Brain 51 Consciousness and Nonconsciousness 53 Human Motivation and Reward 55 Chapter 3 Life-Cycle Perspectives on Social Exclusion 61 Inherited and Environmental Influences on Human Development 62 Neuropsychological Development 63 Social Deprivation and Human Development 65 The Origins of Social Anxiety 70 Anxiety, Fear and Early Development 71 Part II Health and Illness in Social Groups 77 Chapter 4 Physical Health 79 The Changing Concept of Health 79 Homelessness and Ill Health 80 Health, Poverty, Employment and Community Development 82 Health Status 83 Mortality and Morbidity 84 Infections 86 Sexual Transmission 87 Chapter 5 Stress and Socially Excluded Groups 91 Stress and Health 91 Social Support 93 What is Stress? 94 Measuring Stress 96 Stress in Children and Families 97 Stress in the Elderly 100 Anxiety, Socialisation and Mental Health 102 Chapter 6 Mental Illness 107 Understanding and Responding to Mental Illness 107 Mental Health Problems in the Community 109 Classification and Problem Identification 111 The Aetiology of Depression 112 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 117 Chapter 7 The Neurobiological Basis of Maladaptive Behaviours 123 Biological Perspectives 123 Neurotransmission and Information Management 128 Neurotransmission and Maladaptive Behaviours 131 The Malfunctioning Brain 137 Neurobiological Basis of Substance Use and Dependence 138 Neurobiological Basis of Mental Illness 140 Chapter 8 Alcohol and Drug Problems 147 Substance Misuse and Social Exclusion 147 Substance Misuse and Mental Health 149 Substance Misuse and Neurocognitive Dysfunction 154 Alcohol and Neurocognitive Development 155 Alcohol and Neurocognitive Dysfunction 157 Chapter 9 Nutrition in Vulnerable Groups 165 Nutrition and Social Deprivation 165 Nutrition and the Homeless 166 Homeless Women 168 Nutrition in the Elderly 170 Assessing and Monitoring Nutritional Status in the Community 172 Specific Nutrient Deficiencies 175 Alcohol and Nutrition 176 Part III Addressing Social Exclusion: The Way Out? 181 Chapter 10 Needs Assessment of Socially Excluded Populations 183 Engagement and Initial Screening 183 Assessment and Monitoring 185 Assessing Well-Being 186 Comprehensive Assessments 187 General and Specific Assessments 189 Assessment of Mental Health Status 190 Cognitive Dysfunction 191 Biomedical Assessments 192 The Management of Screening and Assessment 195 Chapter 11 Interventions: Changing Behaviour 201 Delivering Services 201 Philosophy of Care 202 The Process of Change 204 Maintaining Change 207 Interventions for Addictive Behaviours 208 Dual Diagnosis 210 Capacity for Change 211 Cognitive Functioning in the Homeless and Socially Excluded 213 Nutritional Support and Behavioural Change 214 Chapter 12 Interventions: Supporting Vulnerable People 219 Accommodation 219 Modern Housing Policy 222 Income Support and Homelessness 223 Building and Maintaining Community 224 Employment 227 Education and Training 228 Chapter 13 Health and Social Care in the Community 231 The Development of Healthcare in the UK 231 Health Services for the Homeless and Socially Excluded 234 Anti-Substance Misuse Strategies 236 Mental Health Support in the Community 238 Joined-up Strategies 240 Chapter 14 Social Exclusion: Is There a Way Out? 245 Understanding Social Exclusion 245 Community Responses 246 Faith as Social Capital 249 Believing is Belonging 251 In Darkest England 253 From Darkest England to Cool Britannia 258 Conclusion 261 Appendix A International Statistics of The Salvation Army (SA) (with Permission from The Salvation Army Year Book, 2006) 265 Appendix B Summary of Assessments for Socially Excluded Population 269 Index 277

Social Exclusion and the Way Out focuses on the key issues which promote an understanding of the development of integrative models of care and resettlement. Consideration is given to the role of statutory and non-statutory agencies in facilitating the development of the individual to become included in the community. Practical insights into the management and development of opportunities for individuals draws on best practice from examples of vulnerable groups.

"This essential text explores the nature of the self and the human soul in relation to social groups and social identity from a neuropsychological perspective. It provides a biological, psychological and social framework for understanding the causative factors underpinning the complex issues that relate to social exclusion."--BOOK JACKET