Social Development in the World Bank : Essays in Honor of Michael M. Cernea

This open access book honors the work of Michael Cernea, who was the World Bank's first professional sociologist, by taking on and extending his arguments for "putting people first." Cernea led a community of social scientists in formulating and promoting a comprehensive set of innovative and original social policies on development issues, which the World Bank adopted and implemented. This book includes globally significant work on urban and rural development, the epistemology of using social science knowledge in national and international development, methodologies for using social organization for more effective poverty reduction, and the experience of crafting social policies to become normative frameworks for purposive collective social action. And by including contributions from senior policy makers in the World Bank who helped shepherd social science's entry into development policy and practice, it provides a unique look at how organizational change can happen. Introduction......Page 6 Uses......Page 7 Origins......Page 8 Editors Note: Part 1......Page 10 Social Development Work-Live-Editors ́ Note......Page 12 Editors Note Part 3......Page 13 Acknowledgments......Page 14 Contents......Page 15 Part I: Growing Social Science Demand at the World Bank......Page 18 The Important Contribution of Social Knowledge to International Development......Page 19 Crossing the Rubicon Towards Social Knowledge......Page 20 A New Orientation and Our Search for New Skills......Page 23 The ``Present-Absent ́ ́ Candidate......Page 24 Meeting Cernea for the First Time......Page 25 A Seminar, More Interviews, and a Consequential Decision......Page 26 Unanticipated Obstacles......Page 27 Personal Support from Robert McNamara......Page 28 Work Across the World ́s Meridians......Page 30 Decisions to Bring More Social Specialists into the Bank......Page 31 Moving from Individual Projects to Policy Work......Page 33 A Group Process That Led to Collective Products and Institutional Success......Page 38 The Road to Achieving a Critical Mass of Sociologists and Anthropologists in the World Bank......Page 42 McNamara ́s Knowledge Revolution......Page 43 Development Policy: A Quasi-monopoly of the Economist ?......Page 45 Entrepreneurial Advisers in Social Disciplines......Page 47 A Request for Help on the Issue of Critical Mass......Page 48 The Response of Senior Bank Management......Page 51 The Road to Critical Mass......Page 53 Why Does the Bank Need Social Analysis?......Page 56 What Needs to be Done......Page 57 How to Achieve This......Page 59 Role of the Board......Page 60 My First Meeting with the Bank ́s Senior Sociologist......Page 62 Discovering ``Social Assessments ́ ́......Page 66 Fighting Corruption......Page 67 The Centrality of People......Page 68 The Bank Needs a New Development Paradigm......Page 69 Social Analysis in the World Bank......Page 72 The World Bank ́s First Vice-Presidency for Environmental and Social Matters......Page 74 Working with the World Bank ́s Professional Sociologists and Anthropologists......Page 76 Building the Case for Using Social Science and for Converting Knowledge into Policies......Page 77 Michael ́s Challenging Theoretical Argument......Page 78 Converting Social Science Knowledge into Social Policies: A Historic Progress......Page 80 The World ́s Largest Empirical Research on Development-Forced Population Displacement and Resettlement......Page 83 The Emergence of the Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model......Page 85 A Self-Destroying Prophecy and Unprincipled Censorship......Page 86 Knowledge Alone Is Not Enough. Political Will Is Indispensable to Stand Up Against Impoverishment......Page 89 Closing Thoughts on the Impact of the ESD Central Vice-Presidency on the Work of the World Bank......Page 91 References......Page 93 The Direct and Major Operational Relevance of Social Assessments......Page 95 Social Assessments for Preparing Policy Reform......Page 97 Social Assessments Are Essential for the Bank ́s Sector Analysis Work......Page 101 Social Assessments and Investment Lending......Page 102 Social Assessments for Emergency and Post-conflict Lending......Page 105 Social Assessments in the World Bank: The Current Situation......Page 108 Introduction......Page 111 Challenging Social Pioneers......Page 112 Emerging Social Perspectives......Page 113 Social Analysis: Internal Bank Track......Page 115 Appraising ``Sociological Aspects ́ ́......Page 117 Disseminating Social Analysis......Page 119 Asia Pacific Regional: An Alternative Track......Page 121 Comparative Analysis......Page 124 Conclusion......Page 126 References......Page 128 Part II: Social Development Work-Live......Page 131 A World on the Move......Page 132 The Social Development Summit: A Powerful Call to Our Profession......Page 133 Anthropology ́s Debut in an Unexpected Place: The World Bank......Page 134 Producing Knowledge of Recognized Organizational Utility......Page 136 The Rationale for Social Analysis in Financially Induced Development......Page 138 Shifting Social Analysis from Projects ́ Tail-end to Upfront......Page 139 Fighting Econo-centric, Techno-centric, and Commodo-centric Development Models......Page 143 Where Do Biases Originate?......Page 144 The Rationale for Development Anthropology......Page 146 The Focus on Social Organization in Applied Research......Page 148 Can Theory be Derived from Applied Research?......Page 151 The ``Third Leg ́ ́ of the Dichotomy: Policy Development......Page 153 References......Page 156 Beginnings......Page 159 Practice......Page 160 Courage to Experiment......Page 161 Tasks then and Now......Page 162 Downsides......Page 163 Upsides......Page 164 Fields of Danger......Page 165 My World Bank Years: In Retrospect......Page 166 A Foot in the Door......Page 167 Uphill Battles......Page 169 Innovations......Page 170 A Record of Project Cases......Page 171 How to Get Better?......Page 173 20 Years: In Stages......Page 175 20 Years Well Spent......Page 176 Next?......Page 177 Social Development (Excerpts from Her 2004 Oral History)......Page 178 Discovering Development......Page 188 Ethnography for Development: The Local Institutions Studies......Page 192 Michael Cernea ́s Living Lessons......Page 196 Introduction......Page 201 Tribal People in Bank-Financed Projects......Page 203 The 5-Year Implementation Review......Page 207 The Revised Policy Directive......Page 210 Conclusion......Page 214 The Need for Social Research and the Broadening of CGIAR ́s Paradigm......Page 215 A Brief Comparative Look at CGIAR and the World Bank......Page 217 The ``Rocky-Docs ́ ́ and the Fight to Overcome the Absence of Social Research in CGIAR......Page 218 The World Bank ́s Influence on CG ́s Research......Page 220 The Resonance of the CGIAR ́s Social Research Conference. An Illuminating Public Discussion......Page 224 Concluding Remarks......Page 228 References......Page 229 Fighting Poverty, Combatting Social Exclusion......Page 232 Critic and Gadfly......Page 233 Staff Member......Page 235 Opportunities Discovered......Page 236 New Challenges......Page 238 Final Reflections......Page 240 Part III: Involuntary Resettlement......Page 242 Introduction......Page 243 Social Justice and Planning with an Equity Compass......Page 244 Functions of the Risks and Reconstruction Model......Page 245 Diagnostic and Analysis: Ten Impoverishment Risks......Page 248 Joblessness......Page 249 Homelessness......Page 250 Marginalization......Page 251 Increased Morbidity and Mortality......Page 252 Loss of Access to Common Property......Page 253 Social Disarticulation......Page 254 Differential Impacts: Specific Risks to Women and Children......Page 255 Prediction and Planning: The Chance of a Self-Destroying Prophecy......Page 256 Flawed Approaches to Social Risks: The Ill-Logic of Cost-Benefit Analysis......Page 259 Reconstructing Livelihoods and Reversing the Risks......Page 262 The Model as a Research Tool......Page 266 References......Page 268 Muddy Waters: Inside the World Bank as It Struggled with the Narmada Irrigation and Resettlement Projects, Western India......Page 273 Entry Conditions......Page 276 Resettlement......Page 280 Resettlement After Project Approval......Page 285 Environment......Page 288 Environment After Approval......Page 290 External Pressure......Page 292 Internal Organization......Page 297 India ́s Crisis......Page 300 The Independent Review......Page 301 The Decision to Continue, and then to Cancel......Page 306 Why Narmada?......Page 312 Lying......Page 314 Why Not Suspend Before 1993?......Page 316 Legacies......Page 319 Social Scientists and Development in India......Page 322 The Narmada Controversy......Page 325 Impacts of the Independent Review ́s Indictment on India......Page 326 Impact of the Independent Review on the World Bank......Page 327 Building Capacity for Development Management......Page 328 Enriching Resettlement Knowledge......Page 331 Summing Up......Page 332 References......Page 333 Social Assessment and Resettlement Policies and Practice in China: Contributions by Michael M Cernea to Development in China......Page 336 Infrastructure Construction and Population Displacement......Page 337 Research Based Knowledge and Resettlement Science: The Creation and Role of NRCR......Page 338 The Goal of China ́s Current Resettlement Policy: Legislating the Resettlement with Development Paradigm......Page 340 Development Impact Assessment Policy and Practice: The Evolution of Social Assessments in China......Page 342 References......Page 347 Part IV: Retrospective and Outlook......Page 352 A Retrospective: Michael M. Cernea (1934-)......Page 353 References and Major Works by Michael Cernea......Page 358 Books and Monographs, Published in English......Page 361 Selected Books in Romanian (1964-1974)......Page 364 Chapters in Books, Studies and Articles in Journals......Page 365 Publications in Non-English Languages......Page 373 This book includes globally significant work on urban and rural development, the epistemology of using social science knowledge in national and international development, methodologies for using social organization for more effective poverty reduction, and the experience of crafting social policies to become normative frameworks for purposive collective social action. And by including contributions from senior policy makers in the World Bank who helped shepherd social science's entry into development policy and practice, it provides a unique look at how organizational change can happen. https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/69754