Social Determinants of Health Among African-American Men

This groundbreaking book applies the concept of social determinants of health to the health of African- American men. While there have been significant efforts in recent years to eliminate health disparities, serious disparities continue to exist especially with regard to African--American men who continue to suffer disproportionately from poor health when compared to other racial, ethnic, and gender groups in the United States. This book covers the most important issues relating to social determinants of health and also offers viable strategies for reducing health disparities. Social Determinants of Health among African-American Men Contents Figures and Tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments The Editors The Contributors 1 Introduction to Social Determinants of Health among African-American Men The Health Status of African-American Men Why This Book Is Needed: Social Determinants of Health and African-American Men Social Determinants of Health Status Social Determinants of Health Behavior Social Determinants of Health Care The Need to Apply the Social Determinants of Health Model to the Health of African-American Men Research and Programs Social Policy Health Policy Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions Notes References Part One Social Determinants of Health Status 2 Implications of Racism for African-American Men’s Cancer Risk, Morbidity, and Mortality African-American Men and Cancer Cultural Racism and the Social Environment Cultural Racism Social Environment Race-Based Residential Segregation and the Built Environment Discussion Policy Implications and Recommendations Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions Note References 3 Social Determinants of Depression and the Black Male Experience Depression in Black Men Social Determinants of Depression for Black Men Employment and Socioeconomic Status Kinship and Social Support Masculinities Stress Incarceration Methodological Challenges to the Clinical and Epidemiologic Assessment of Black Men Policy Implications Lessons Learned Recommendations for Addressing Depression in Black Men Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 4 Psychosocial Health of Black Sexually Marginalized Men Mental Health Outcomes Oppressive Attitudes and Beliefs: Racism and Homonegativity Relationship Functionality Identity Development Cross’s Nigrescence Model and Troiden’s Sexual Identity Development Model Coming-Out and Unique Features of Identity Development among BSMM Violence, Discrimination, and Harassment Sexually Marginalized Men Black Men Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 5 Parental Incarceration as a Social Determinant of Male African-American Adolescents’ Mental Health How Incarceration Adversely Affects Adolescents’ Communities How Incarceration Adversely Affects Adolescents’ Families Acts of Omission The Role of Parental Incarceration in Family Adversity How Parental Incarceration Directly Affects Adolescents Posttraumatic Stress Ambiguous Loss Stigmatization Parental Incarceration, Adolescents’ Mental Health, and Pathways of Intergenerational Incarceration Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 6 The Impact of Reentry from Incarceration on the Health of African-American Men Prisoner Reintegration and African-American Men: Scope of the Problem and Impact on Society African-American Men: Disparities in Legal Treatment under the U.S. Criminal Justice System Public Health and African-American Prisoner Reintegration Incarceration and Reentry of African-American Men: Impact on the African-American Family Restricted Postincarceration Resources and the African-American Ex-Offender Closing the Disparity Gap for the African-American Ex-Offender Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 7 Life-Course Socioeconomic Position and Hypertension in African-American Men: The Pitt County Study Literature Review and Conceptual Framework Methods Study Participants Measurement of Blood Pressure Measurement of Childhood SEP Measurement of Adulthood SEP Measurement of Life-Course SEP Covariates Descriptive Variables Statistical Analysis Results Discussion Policy Implications Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References Part Two Social Determinants of Health Behavior 8 Social Determinants of Medical Mistrust among African-American Men Significance and Sociohistorical Underpinnings of Medical Mistrust among African-American Men Theoretical Frameworks and Conceptual Model Methods Recruitment Procedure and Research Settings Measures Data Analytic Strategy Results Bivariate and Correlational Analyses Hierarchical Regression Analyses Mediation Analyses Discussion Study Limitations and Strengths Policy Implications Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References Author Note 9 Beyond Gay, Bisexual, or DL: Structural Determinants of HIV Sexual Risk among Black Men in the United States Sexual Orientation over Structure: A Critical Mistake Gay, Heterosexual, and Bisexual: Labels and Limitations Structural Considerations of HIV Sexual Risk among Black Men Black Men Speak about the Structural Contexts of Their Lives Provide, Hustle, and Survive: Masculinity and Gender Role Pressure Struggling and Being a Target: Protecting Black Men against Racism Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) among Black MSM A Common Ground Approach to HIV Prevention for Black Men Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 10 Social Determinants of Substance Abuse among Older African-American Men History of Illicit Drug Use in African-American Communities Racial Residential Segregation Targeted Marketing of Commodities Media Images Family Emulation of an Admired Person or Lifestyle Environment Emulation Theoretical Framework for Illicit Drug Use in Older African Americans Policy Implications The Organizing Concepts Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions Note References Part Three Social Determinants of Health Care 11 Prejudiced Providers: Unequal Treatment as a Determinant of African-American Men’s Health Health Care Inequities Affecting African-American Men: An Overview The Role of Provider-Level Factors in Health Care Inequities Affecting African-American Men The Social Determinants of Health Care Interactions and Health Care Decisions in Health Care Encounters with African-American Men Reducing Provider-Level Health Care Inequities Affecting African-American Men Conduct Interventions That Reduce Racial Bias New Legislation to Address Health Care Discrimination Increase the Number of African-American Physicians Increase Research on Provider-Level Health Care Inequities Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 12 The Impact of the Correctional Health Care System on HIV/AIDS and the Health of African-American Men Correctional Health Care A Public Health Approach to Correctional Health Care HIV and AIDS in Correctional Institutions Intravenous Drug Use Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, and Other STIs in Correctional Institutions Conclusion Recommendations Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References Part Four Addressing Social Determinants of Health Inequities 13 Building Communities of Opportunity: Pathways to Health for African-American Men The Roots of Health Disparities Race, Poverty, Geography Cornerstones of Community Transformation Policy Implications Revitalize Disinvested Communities Expand Opportunities for Employment Invest in Human Development and Build a Skilled Workforce Emphasize the Justice in the Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 14 One City’s Attempt at Treating the Effects of Social Inequities in African-American Men: Lessons Learned Denver Community Context Understanding the Issue Health Status System Utilization Men Identify Barriers to Health Care Program Model Community Reentry from Jail Marketing Men’s Health Initiative Results Sustainability Policy Implications Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 15 The Impact of Invisibility: The Way Forward Poor Men, Access to Care, and the Global and U.S. Health Care System A Necessary Reflection: Individual Health and Health Care The Health of African-American Men Social Determinants of Health and the African-American Man Social Movements: The Feminist Movement and the African-American Male Time Out for Talk: Time for Action Invisible No More Policy Recommendations Participatory, Evidence-Based Programs and Research Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Reenergizing the American Dream A National Policy Commitment for African-American Men Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 16 Criminal Justice and Other Public Policies as Determinants of Health and Well-Being for African-American Men Brief History of the Marginalization of African-American Men in the United States Criminalization of Being Black The Beginning of a Prison-Centered Trajectory African-American Men and the Social and Economic Determinants of Their Health It’s about the Policy Persistently Poor Communities War on Drugs The Way Forward Community Support and Treatment Level the Playing Field Conclusion Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References 17 Social Determinants of Health and Black Men: The Culture of Empowerment and the Policy Process Social Determinants of Health and Black Men: The Culture of Empowerment and the Policy Process Empowerment Human Rights Health Inequity and Social Justice Community Capacity and Empowerment Community Empowerment African American Empowerment Network (AMEN) The Clinton “Race Initiative” African-American Male Empowerment Elements AMEN Results Policy Recommendations and the Policy Process Developing an Evidence Base Policy and Health Equity Health in All Policies Commission to Build a Healthier America (Educational Attainment) Policy Characteristics Summary Key Terms Discussion Questions References Afterword Notes Index Introduction to social determinants of health among African American men / Clare Xanthos, Henrie Treadwell, and Kisha Holden Implications of racism for African American men's cancer risk, morbidity, and mortality / Derek M. Griffith and Jonetta Johnson Social determinants of depression and the black male experience / Daphne Watkins and Harold Neighbors Psychosocial health of black sexually marginalized men / Louis F. Graham Parental incarceration as a social determinant of male African American adolescents' mental health / Susan D. Phillips and Qiana Cryer-Coupet The impact of reentry from incarceration on the health of African American men / Jean Bonhomme and Elisabeth Kingsbury Life-course socioeconomic position and hypertension in African American men : the Pitt County study / Sherman A. James ... [et al.] Social determinants of medical mistrust among African American men / Wizdom Powell Hammond and Arjumand A. Siddiqi Beyond gay, bisexual, or DL : structural determinants of HIV sexual risk among black men in the United States / David J. Malebranche and Lisa Bowleg Social determinants of substance abuse among older African American men / Robert Pope Prejudiced providers : unequal treatment as a determinant of African American men's health / Clare Xanthos The impact of the correctional health care system on HIV/AIDS and the health of African American men / Rhonda Conerly Holliday Building communities of opportunity : pathways to health for African American men / Angela Glover Blackwell One city's attempt at treating the effects of social inequities in African American men : lessons learned / Elizabeth Whitley and Jodi Drisko The impact of invisibility : the way forward / Henrie Treadwell Criminal justice and other public policies as determinants of health and well-being for African American men / Leda M. Pérez Social determinants of health and black men : the culture of empowerment and the policy process / Adewale Troutman and Nandi Marshall Afterword / David Satcher. "This groundbreaking book applies the concept of social determinants of health to the health of African-American men. While there have been significant efforts in recent years to eliminate health disparities, serious disparities continue to exist especially with regard to African-American men who continue to suffer disproportionately from poor health when compared to other racial, ethnic, and gender groups in the United States. This book covers the most important issues relating to social determinants of health and also offers viable strategies for reducing health disparities"--Provided by publisher.

This groundbreaking book applies the concept of social determinants of health to the health of African- American men.While there have been significant efforts in recent years to eliminate health disparities, serious disparities continue to exist especially with regard to African–American men who continue to suffer disproportionately from poor health when compared to other racial, ethnic, and gender groups in the United States. This bookcovers the most important issues relating to social determinants of health and also offers viable strategies for reducing health disparities.