Smart Sensors Measurements and Instrumentation: Select Proceedings of CISCON 2020 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 750)

This book presents the select proceedings of Control Instrumentation and System Conference, (CISCON 2020) held at Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Manipal. It examines a wide spectrum covering the latest trends in the fields of instrumentation, sensors and systems, and industrial automation and control. The topics covered include image and signal processing, robotics, renewable energy, power systems and power drives, performance attributes of MEMS, multi-sensor data fusion, machine learning, optimization techniques, process control, safety monitoring, safety critical control, supervisory control, system modeling and virtual instrumentation. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and professionals interested in sensors, adaptive control, automation and control and allied fields. Contents Editors and Contributors Toward Sustainable Cooling Strategy for Developing Nations: Opportunities for an Off-Grid Solar DC Refrigerator 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Compressor Control Using Arduino MEGA and BLDC Motor Controller 3.2 Controlling Refrigerator Using TFT Display and Mobile Application 3.3 Testing of the Prototype 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Testing Results 5 Conclusions References Performance Improvement of Conical Tank Process Applying Fractional-Order Control 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to Fractional-Order Calculus 3 Modeling of Conical Tank 4 Modeling of PID Controller 4.1 Ziegler–Nichols Tuning Using Stability Limit 4.2 Step Response with PID 5 Modeling of Fractional-Order PID Controller 5.1 Tuning of FOPID Controller 5.2 Step Response with FOPID Controller 6 Results and Discussions 7 Conclusions References End-Effector Position Analysis of SCARA Robot by Using MATLAB 1 Introduction 2 Kinematic Model of KUKA KR5 R350 SCARA Robot 3 Denavit - Hartenberg (D-H) Parameters 4 Kinematic Relationship Between Adjacent Links 5 Simulation Results and Discussions 6 Conclusion References Prediction of Song Popularity Using Machine Learning Concepts 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Background Theory 3.1 Logistic Regression [22] 3.2 Decision Tree [23] 3.3 Naïve Bayes [24] 3.4 Random Forest [25] 3.5 K-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) [26] 3.6 XGBoost [27] 4 Methodology 4.1 Extract Data 4.2 Preprocess Data 4.3 Model Building 4.4 Evaluation of the models 4.5 Extension of Project for Related Application 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion 7 Future Scope References Robot Motion Control Using OpenPose 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Human Activity Recognition 2.2 Position Transfer 3 Testing and Results 4 Conclusion References Kinematic Analysis and Simulation of Robotic Manipulator Based on RoboAnalyzer 1 Introduction 2 Denavit–Hartenberg Parameter 3 Forward Kinematics 4 Overview of the RoboAnalyzer 4.1 Forward Kinematics of 2-Link Planar Robot 4.2 Forward Kinematics of SCARA Robot 4.3 Inverse Kinematics 5 Conclusion References Internet of Things Enabled Electronic Tongue for Remote Monitoring of Water Quality 1 Introduction 2 System Design 2.1 Internet of Things Platform for Electronic Tongue 2.2 Water Samples 3 Experimentation 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Data Analysis 4.2 Assessment of Water Quality 5 Conclusion References Robust Control Using Modified Continuous Twisting Algorithm for Motion Control System 1 Introduction 1.1 Outline of the Paper 2 Convergence Analysis of Discontinuous Differential Equation 3 Proposal of Modified Continuous Twisting Algorithm (MCTA) 3.1 Homogeneity Analysis 3.2 Asymptotic Convergence 4 Modified Continuous Twisting Algorithm with Perturbations 4.1 Homogeneity Analysis 4.2 Asymptotic Convergence 5 Motion Control Using Proposed MCTA 6 Control Development 7 Simulation Results 8 Conclusion References Comparative Analysis of Different Control Techniques for Six-Phase PMSM as an Application to HEV 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Modeling of Six-Phase PMSM 3 Different Control Techniques for PMSM 3.1 Scalar Control 3.2 Field-Oriented Control (FOC) 3.3 Direct Torque Control 4 Simulation Implementation of Control Techniques of Six-Phase PMSM Using MATLAB/Simulink Software 4.1 Simulation Model Diagram of Six-Phase PMSM with Scalar Control 4.2 Simulation Model Diagram of Six-Phase PMSM with Field-Oriented Control (FOC) 4.3 Simulation Model Diagram of Six-Phase PMSM with Direct Torque Control (DTC) 5 Simulation Results 6 Conclusion References A Survey on Various Total Body Water Detection Techniques to Develop a Wearable Device 1 Introduction 2 Existing Non-invasive Techniques to Measure TBW 2.1 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis 2.2 Flowing-Afterglow Mass Spectroscopy 2.3 Watson Formula 2.4 Sweat Rate Measurement 3 Comparison Between the Different TBW Techniques 4 Conclusion References A New Passage to the Reciprocity Attributes of Multidimensional IFT Through Those of the Multidimensional IHT 1 Introduction 2 Multidimensional IHT 2.1 1D-IHT 2.2 2D-IHT 2.3 3D-IHT 2.4 ND-IHT 3 Multidimensional IFT 3.1 1D-IFT 3.2 2D-IFT 3.3 3D-IFT 3.4 DN-IFT 4 Kinship Betwixt IHT and IFT 5 Reciprocity Attributes for IFT from the Reciprocity Attributes of IHT 5.1 Reciprocity Attribute for 1D-IFT from the Reciprocity Attribute of 1D-IHT 5.2 Reciprocity Attribute for 2D-IFT from the Reciprocity Attribute of 2D-IHT 5.3 Reciprocity Attribute for 3D-IFT from the Reciprocity Attribute of 3D-IHT 5.4 Reciprocity Attribute for D-IFT from the Reciprocity Attribute of ND-IHT 6 Conclusions References Exact Disturbance Estimation for a Class of System 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 3 Proposal of More Accurate Disturbance Estimation 4 Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References Effect of Normalisation for Gender Identification 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Work 3.1 Features Used 3.2 Normalisation 4 Experiments and Results 5 Conclusion References FPGA-Based Implementation of Digital Filters for Image Denoising 1 Introduction 2 Design Methodology 2.1 Design of Gaussian Filter 2.2 Design of Mean Filter 2.3 Design of Median Filter 3 Implementation 4 Result Analysis 4.1 Image Processing in Matlab and Xilinx 4.2 Simulation Results, Device Utilization, and Timing Report 4.3 Power Report for Sliding Window Module 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Classification of Defects in Bushes Using Deep Learning Approaches 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Dataset Preparation 3.2 Hardware Setup 3.3 Custom CNN Architecture 4 Result Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Quantitative Analysis 4.2 Qualitative Results 5 Conclusion References A Survey on Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 1 Introduction 2 MAC Protocol Design Metrics 2.1 Energy Wastage Sources 3 MAC Protocol Classification 4 Contention-Based Protocol 4.1 S-MAC (Sensor MAC) 4.2 T-MAC (Timeout MAC) 4.3 B-MAC (Berkley MAC) 4.4 X-MAC 4.5 DS-MAC (Dynamic Sensor MAC) 5 Schedule-Based Protocols 5.1 TRAMA (Traffic-Adaptive MAC) 5.2 FLAMA (Flow-Aware MAC) 5.3 AI-LMAC (Adaptive Information-Centric Lightweight MAC) 6 Hybrid Protocols 6.1 Z-MAC (Zebra MAC) 6.2 IEEE 802.15.4 6.3 A-MAC (Adaptive MAC) 7 MAC Protocol Comparison and Summary 8 Conclusion and Future Work References Automotive Dead Reckoning-Implementation of Fusion Algorithm on Raspberry Pi 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Background Theory 3.1 Discrete State-Space System 3.2 Sensors and Data Fusion 3.3 Kalman Filtering 3.4 Euler Angle Concept 3.5 Geodetic Transformation 4 Methodology 4.1 Integration with IMU 4.2 Integration with GPS 4.3 Extended Kalman Filtering 5 Results 6 Conclusions and Future Scope References Statistical Analysis of Coherence Between Electrical and Hemodynamic Brain Signal 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Power Spectral Density (PSD) and Cross-Power Spectral Density 2.2 Coherence 2.3 Statistical Measures 3 Database Collection Details 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Learning Model-Based Safety-Critical System Engineering: The Fun Way 1 Introduction 2 Standards 2.1 Railway Standard 3 Concept of Operations and Safety 3.1 OPM Model of the Railway Gate 3.2 System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) 4 Write Good Requirements 4.1 Easy Approach to Requirements Syntax (EARS) 4.2 System Requirements for Railway Gate 4.3 Modeling the Railway Gate 5 Model Validation 5.1 Formal Validation 5.2 Automatic Code Generation 6 Visualization 6.1 Blender Implementation 6.2 Motor Implementation 7 Conclusion References Smart Water Management System 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion 6 Future Scope References Analysis of Electroencephalogram During Coloured Word Reading Interference 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Power Spectrum Density (PSD) 2.2 Coherence 2.3 Spectral Entropy 2.4 Frontal Asymmetry Index 3 Database Collection 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Autopilot Mode Transitions and Voter Logic Validation Using Model Checking: A Design Study of Formal Methods 1 Introduction 2 Formal Methods 2.1 Advantages of Formal Methods 3 Autopilot 3.1 Mode Transition Logic 3.2 Mode Transition and Condition Tables 4 Design of Mode Transition and Voter Logic for Autopilot 4.1 Design Using Simulink Blocks 4.2 Voter Logic Design 4.3 Design Using S-function Blocks 5 Simulink Design Verifier 5.1 Formal Verification of Voter Logic 5.2 Verification of Validity Based Voting 5.3 Formal Verification of Autopilot Logic 5.4 Analysis of Falsified Objective 6 Conclusion 6.1 Future Scope References Fuzzy Cluster based PID Controller for a CSTR Process 1 Introduction 2 CSTR Process 3 FCM Algorithm 4 Fuzzy Cluster-Based Scheduler 4.1 Scheduler Design 5 Simulation Results 6 Conclusion References Design of Power System Stabilizer as Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to SMC 2.1 Introduction to Sliding Mode Control 2.2 Introduction to Second-Order Sliding Mode Control 3 System Modeling 4 Changes in Operating Conditions 5 Control Development 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusion References Fatigue Analysis of Biceps Brachii Muscle Using sEMG Signal 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Subjects 2.2 Experimental Setups and Protocols 2.3 EMG Signal Acquisition 2.4 EMG Signal Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References CPPG-Based Emotion Classification Based on Statistical and Eigen Space Features and Performance Analysis of Classifiers 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Data Collection for Various Emotions 3 CPPG Features Extraction 3.1 Statistical Features 3.2 Eigen Space Features 4 Classifier 4.1 Performance Evaluation Measures for Classifier 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Position-Sensorless Control System for Electric Vehicle with Brushless DC Motor 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Modeling of BLDC Motor 3 Back EMF Estimation 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Performance Analysis of Sliding Mode-Controlled Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Bidirectional DC–DC Converter Model 2.1 Buck Operation 2.2 Boost Operation 3 Sliding Mode Controller Design 3.1 Existence Conditions 3.2 Control Parameter Selection 3.3 Derivation of PWM Control Law 4 Simulation and Experimental Results 5 Conclusion References Comparative Study of Strain Using 2D Digital Image Correlation and Extensometer on Glass Fiber 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Analysis 2.1 Methods of Strain Measurement 3 Lagrangian Formulations and DIC Algorithm 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements 3.2 DIC Algorithm 4 Results and Verification 5 Conclusion References Parts of Speech Tagging and Extractive Summarization Techniques for Kannada Documents 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Methodology 3.1 Kannada POS Tagging 3.2 Extractive Summarization 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Result of POS Tagger 4.2 Result of Extractive Summarization 5 Conclusion References Swarm-Based Optimizers for PID Tuning of Bioreactor 1 Introduction 2 Bioreactor Process Description 3 Particle Swarm Optimization 3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 4 Bacterial Foraging Optimization 4.1 Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm 5 Design of PID Controller Using Swarm Optimizers 5.1 Experiment 1 5.2 Experiment 2 5.3 Experiment 3 6 Conclusion References A Vision-Based GPS-Aided Quadcopter for Emergency Vehicle Assistance 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Using Waypoints to Trace GPS Route 2.2 Road Detection and Following 3 Simulating the Drone 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Training Results of the FCN 4.2 Testing the FCN 5 Conclusion References Object Detection and Mapping in 3D Space for Quad-Copter Control Application 1 Introduction 1.1 Median Filter 1.2 Colour-Based Thresholding 1.3 Kalman Optimal Estimator and Extrapolation 2 Implementation 2.1 Algorithm for Path Prediction 2.2 Discussion of Tuning the Algorithm References Response Control of Wind-Excited Outrigger Structural System 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Conclusion 4 Conclusions References Performance Analysis of Harmonic Suppression Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Harmonic Limits Specified by IEEE Standards 3 Harmonic Suppression 3.1 Passive Filters 3.2 Active Power Filtering 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Charge/Discharge Control Design Models of Li-Ion Battery in Electric Vehicles Using MATLAB/Simulink 1 Introduction 2 Bidirectional DC/DC Converter 3 Proposed Models 4 Conclusion References An Accelerating Power-Based Approach for Transient Stablity Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Single Machine Equivalent (SIME) Method 2.1 Fundamentals 2.2 OMIB Formulation 3 Proposed Approach 4 Simulations and Results 5 Conclusions References Level Control of Quadruple Tank System with Feedback Linearization 1 Introduction 2 Quadruple Tank Process 2.1 Plant Description 2.2 Modeling of QTP 3 Linearization of QTP 4 Design of the Controller 4.1 Conventional Controller 4.2 Feedback Linearization Scheme 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Analysis of Motorcycle Rider’s Posture Using sEMG Signals 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Protocol 2.2 Instrumentation and Signal Processing 2.3 Feature Extracton 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Glove Mouse: A Gesture Controlled Wireless Computer Mouse 1 Introduction 2 Working Principle 3 Methodology 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.3 Mouse Pointer Movement Calculation 3.4 Device Testing 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Design and Simulation of a Sliding Mode-Based Control Design for a Quadrotor UAV 1 Introduction 1.1 Quad-Rotor Configuration 2 Quad-Rotor Dynamic Modeling 3 Controller Design 3.1 Sliding Mode Controller 3.2 Proportional Integral Differential Controller 4 Simulation and Results 4.1 Proportional Integral Differential Controller 4.2 Sliding Mode Controller 5 Conclusion 6 Future Work References