Smart materials in additive manufacturing Volume 1, 4D printing principles and fabrication : a volume in additive manufacturing materials and technologies

4D-Printed Smart Materials and Structures: Mechanics, Modeling, and Advanced Engineering Applications provides a thorough introduction to the fundamentals of the mechanics, manufacturing, modeling, and applications of 4D printed smart materials and structures. Divided into two sections, the book starts by covering the basic theories, definitions, and fabrication details of 4D printing and various smart materials such as shape memory polymers, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, pneumatic soft actuators, dielectric elastomer soft robots, liquid crystal elastomers, shape memory alloys, and magnetic stimulus structures. The second part then examines the mechanics of these materials and their various applications, covering topics such as variable stiffness, miniature-sized 4D printing, and bi-stable and multi-stable mechanisms. The book also includes a chapter on machine learning in 4D printing and provides applications in mechanical, aerospace, civil, and structural engineering, among others.

Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 1 provides readers with an overview of the current smart materials widely in use and the techniques for additively manufacturing them. It demonstrates the principles developed for 4D printing in a way that is useful for students, early career researchers, and professionals. Topics covered include modeling and fabrication of 4D printed materials such as dielectric elastomer soft robots, low-voltage electroactive polymers, and stimuli-responsive hydrogels. 4D printing of light-responsive structures, gels and soft materials, and natural fiber composites are also discussed, as is origami-inspired 4D printing, 4D microprinting, and reversible 4D printing. 4D bioprinting and related biomedical applications are outlined as well as functionalized 4D printed sensor systems.

Key Features: * Discusses 4D printed shape memory polymers, shape memory alloys, natural fibers, and hydrogels * Covers various types of stimuli, fabrication techniques, multi-physics modeling, and control strategies for 4D printing * Explores 4D printing of dielectric elastomers, liquid crystal elastomers, and electroactive polymers

• Covers the mechanics, manufacturing processes and applications of 4D-printed smart materials and structures
• Discusses applications in civil, mechanical, aerospace, polymer and biomedical engineering
• Presents experimental, numerical and analytical studies in a simple and straightforward manner, providing tools that can be immediately implemented and adapted by readers to fit their work