Smart and Sustainable Technology for Resilient Cities and Communities (Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology)

This book is a collection of extended versions of papers presented at the KES Covid-19 Challenge international summit. The book focusses on technological, economic, and social developments to combat the effects of global and local disasters as well as the ways in which the recovery from Covid can be used to build more resilient and sustainable communities, industry, and improve the environment. It also discusses the global challenges of human-influenced climate change. There are chapters on making cities and communities more resilient through energy self-sufficiency, food production, resilient housing and buildings, human health and intelligent systems e.g. for forecasting and prediction. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Smart and Sustainable Technology for Resilient Cities and Communities—An Overview 1 Part I: “Changes in Work Practices and Employability in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic” 2 Part II: “Smart Techniques for Monitoring the COVID-19 Pandemic and Forecasting Its Course” 3 Part III: “Changes in Teaching and Learning Practices in Response to COVID-19” 4 Part IV: “Adapting for Improved Resilience in an Uncertain Future” Contains Six Chapters References Part I Changes in Work Practices and Employability in Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic 2 Examining Pedagogical Approaches in Developing Employability Skills in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature 2.1 The Era of the ‘New Normal’ 2.2 Understanding the Concept of Pedagogy 2.3 Reviewing Pedagogical Approaches 3 Research Methodology 3.1 The Delphi Process 4 Presentation of Findings 4.1 Delphi Round 1 4.2 Delphi Round 2 5 Discussion of Findings 6 Conclusion References 3 Relating Work-Integrated Learning to Employability Skills in the Post-COVID-19 Era 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Integrating Technology into the Work-Integrated Learning Concept 2.2 Employability Implications of WIL Activities 3 Research Methodology 4 Findings and Discussions 4.1 Respondents’ Background Information 4.2 Mean Rankings of Work-Integrated Learning Factors 4.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 5 Conclusions References 4 Opportunities and Barriers of Digitization in the COVID-19 Crisis for SMEs 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Literature Research 2.2 Research Setting, Design, and Data Collection 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results 4 Conclusion 5 Limitations and Further Research Appendix References 5 New Urban Mobility Strategies After the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction and Background 2 The Problem of Public Transport 3 Classification of Cities 4 Data Analysis 5 Study Cases 6 Conclusions 6.1 A Diversified Transport System 6.2 Example for the Future 6.3 The Trigger Problem 6.4 Tactical Urbanism 6.5 Accidental Safety 6.6 Future Developments References 6 Integration of Indoor Air Quality Concerns in Educational Community Through Collaborative Framework of Campus Bizia Laboratory of the University of the Basque Country 1 Objective of the Study 2 State of the Art 3 IAQ in Schools and College Campuses 3.1 Relationship Between CO2 Concentration and COVID-19. Prevention Protocols 3.2 Characterisation of UPV/EHU Buildings 3.3 Campus Bizia Laboratory (CBL) Research Initiative 4 Methodology 4.1 Management and Teacher-Student Coordination for Autonomous Work 4.2 Involvement of Other Staff (General Student Body, Teaching Staff and Administrative and Service Staff) 4.3 Case Study Selection 4.4 Methods and Tools 5 Results 6 Discussion and Conclusions References Part II Smart Techniques for Monitoring a Pandemic and Forecasting its Course 7 An Overview of Methods for Control and Estimation of Capacity in COVID-19 Pandemic from Point Cloud and Imagery Data 1 Introduction 2 Imagery Data 2.1 People Counting 2.2 Biometric Identification 2.3 Monitoring of Activities 2.4 Distance Measurement Using Images 2.5 3D Modelling from Imagery 3 LiDAR Data 3.1 People Detection 3.2 3D Modelling from LiDAR Data 4 Discussion 4.1 Comparative Imagery and LiDAR Data for Human Monitoring 4.2 Comparative Imagery and LiDAR Data for 3D Modelling and Capacity Estimation 4.3 Privacy 5 Conclusion References 8 Modeling and Evaluating the Impact of Social Restrictions on the Spread of COVID-19 Using Machine Learning 1 Introduction 2 Data 3 Model Development 4 Results and Discussion 5 Limitations 6 Conclusion References 9 Forecasting the COVID-19 Spread in Iran, Italy, and Mexico Using Novel Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network and ARIMA-Based Hybrid Models 1 Introduction 2 Data 3 Method 3.1 Richards Models 3.2 ARIMA Model 3.3 Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network 3.4 Hybrid Models 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Performance of Richards Growth Model 4.2 Non-hybrid Models Performance 4.3 Hybrid Models Performance 5 Conclusion References 10 Spatial Statistics Models for COVID-19 Data Under Geostatistical Methods 1 Introduction 2 Point Process Analysis 3 Measures of Point Process 4 Conclusions References 11 Intelligent Multi-Sensor System for Remote Detection of COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 Backgrounds 2.1 Body Temperature Detection 2.2 Cough Detection 2.3 Breathing Rate 3 Methodology 3.1 Body Temperature Detection 3.2 Cough Detection 3.3 Breathing Rate 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Body Temperature Detection 4.2 Cough Detection 4.3 Breathing Rate 5 Conclusion References 12 A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models for COVID-19 Diagnosis Based on X-Ray Images 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Dataset Preparation 2.2 Data Preprocessing 2.3 Models 2.4 Model Training and Testing 2.5 Performance Metrics 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions and Future Work References 13 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Applied in Determining the Contagion Risk Level of SARS-COV-2 Based on Validated Knowledge in the Scientific Community 1 Introduction 2 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps’ Background 3 sCD-FCM Development 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Part III Changes in Teaching and Learning Practices in Response to a Pandemic 14 Education After COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 Philosophy of Educational System 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 First Industrial Revolution 3 The Past of Education 4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Old Versus New 5 Lessons Learned from COVID-19 6 Strategic Planning, or Lack of It 7 Online Education is Here to Stay: The 4-Move Checkmate 8 Education and the Turing Line: The Role of AI 9 Conclusions: The Importance of Community and ICT References 15 Equipping European Higher Education Teachers for Successful and Sustainable e-Learning with Home Remote Work 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection Process 3 Pedagogy in Digital Environments 4 Digital Skills of Teachers Working from Home: Technical Troubleshooting with Limited Support 5 Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and IPR: Persistent and Enhanced Challenges 6 e-Learning Customization for Equity and Inclusion: Accessibility, Gender and Cultural Inclusion 7 Other Aspects of e-Learning with Home Telework 8 Conclusions References 16 Fully Online Project-Based Learning of Software Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Overview of Our PBL of Software Development (Before the COVID-19 Pandemic) 4 Our PBL in the 2020 Academic year 5 Result 6 Evaluation 7 Summary References 17 A Tale of Two Zones: Pandemic ERT Evaluation 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing 3.2 Data Analysis 3.3 CIPP Evaluation Comparison 3.4 SEM Modeling and Analysis 4 Results and Evaluation 4.1 SEM of the Student 4.2 In-Class Versus Online Student's Satisfaction 4.3 Online Versus In-Person Missing 4.4 Problems Prioritization Frequency 4.5 Comparison of Factors 4.6 Term-Wise Loads Perception 4.7 Comparison of Student's Performance 4.8 CIPP Evaluation in both Zones 4.9 Qualitative Analysis 5 Conclusion References Part IV Adapting for Improved Resilience 18 Anticipating and Preparing for Future Change and Uncertainty: Building Adaptive Pathways 1 Introduction 2 Adaptive Pathways 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Describe the Study Area 4.2 Problem Analysis 4.3 Possible Actions 4.4 Evaluate Actions 4.5 Assembly of Pathways 4.6 Preferred Pathways 4.7 Contingency Planning 4.8 Dynamic Adaptive Plan 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion and Recommendations References 19 A Health-Energy Nexus Perspective for Virtual Power Plants: Power Systems Resiliency and Pandemic Uncertainty Challenges 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives and Key Contributions 2 The Novel “Health-Energy Nexus, Under Pandemic Uncertainty” 3 Energy Demand Patterns and Other Pandemic Implications 4 Value of Virtual Power Plants Within the Novel Health-Energy Nexus 5 Energy Informatics and Interdisciplinarity to Tackle the Novel Health-Energy Nexus 6 Toward an Extended Education-Health-Energy Nexus 7 The Role of Energy Policies Within the Education-Health-Energy Nexus 8 Conclusions References 20 A Sustainable Nutritional Behavior in the Era of Climate Changes 1 Climate Changes 1.1 General Aspects 1.2 Initiators of Climate Modification 2 Climate Change Influence on Environmental Modifications 2.1 Human Health Impact 2.2 Food Industry Influence 2.3 Production Sustenance 3 Conclusions References 21 The Development of a Smart Tunable Full-Spectrum LED Lighting Technology Which May Prevent and Treat COVID-19 Infections, for Society’s Resilience and Quality of Life 1 Introduction 2 Background and Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References 22 Energy-Efficient Technologies for Ultra-Low Temperature Refrigeration 1 Impact, Requirements, and Challenges of Low and Ultra-Low Temperature Refrigeration on Biomedical Research 2 Configurations 2.1 Single-Stage 2.2 Indirect Expansion 2.3 Cascade 2.4 Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) 2.5 Ejector 2.6 Multi-stage 2.7 Absorption 2.8 Auto-Cascade 2.9 CO2 Sublimation 3 Ultra-Low Temperature Configurations’ Recent Findings 3.1 Two-Stage Cascade 3.2 Cascade with Intermediate Heat Exchanger 3.3 Cascade with Ejector 3.4 Cascade with Three Stages 4 Conclusions References