Sleep Disorders Part II: Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab) 99

Genetics of Sleep Disorders......Page 0 Copyright ......Page 2 Volume series ......Page 3 Foreword......Page 4 Introduction......Page 83 Acknowledgments......Page 7 List of contributors ......Page 8 History of the Sleep Disorders Classification System......Page 11 Insomnia Due to Mental Disorder (327.02)......Page 12 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Adult (327.23)......Page 13 Recurrent Hypersomnia (327.13)......Page 14 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Shift Work Type (327.36)......Page 15 Sleep-related Eating Disorder (327.49)......Page 16 Isolated Symptoms, Apparently Normal Variants, and Unresolved Issues......Page 17 References......Page 18 Introduction......Page 21 Introduction......Page 198 Clinical Laboratory Findings......Page 23 Periodic Limb Movement Disorder......Page 26 Narcolepsy......Page 28 Sleep in Neuromuscular Junctional Disorders......Page 29 International Classification of Sleep Disorders 2005......Page 183 Treatment of RBD in PD......Page 30 Malingering......Page 470 Physiological and Excessive Fragmentary Hypnic Myoclonus......Page 34 Pain......Page 459 Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Sleep-wake Disorders After Stroke......Page 100 The Neurophysiological Bases of Insomnia......Page 36 Brainstem Rem Sleep-generating System......Page 101 Reactivity and Arousal During Sleep......Page 37 Narcolepsy......Page 462 Acoustic Perturbation: an Experimental Model of Insomnia......Page 41 Antidepressant Drugs and Insomnia......Page 42 Circadian Clock Genes in Humans......Page 283 Acute Secondary RBD......Page 43 Safety......Page 44 The Autonomic Costs of Insomnia......Page 45 Hypnotic-dependent Insomnia......Page 46 Fatal Familial Insomnia, Morvan's chorea, delirium Tremens......Page 47 The Underlying Factors of Insomnia......Page 48 Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Sleep......Page 453 Insomnia is Not Simply a Mental Problem......Page 49 References......Page 50 Appendix......Page 55 Presenting Complaints......Page 59 Nocturnal Movement Disorders......Page 460 Daytime Complaints and Findings......Page 60 Course and Prognosis......Page 61 Hypocretin Levels......Page 62 Differential Diagnosis......Page 63 Treatment Rationale and Indications......Page 65 Age of Onset, Course, and Complications......Page 66 Evidence for Efficacy......Page 67 Hla and Other Genetic Factors in Familial narcolepsy......Page 139 Treatment of Comorbid Insomnia......Page 68 Hypocretin/orexin System and Sleep regulation......Page 144 Diagnostic Methods and Criteria......Page 69 Benzodiazepines......Page 72 Summary......Page 254 Efficacy of BzRAs......Page 73 Pharmacological Treatments......Page 74 Summary......Page 75 Anticonvulsants......Page 76 Other Agents......Page 77 Cortical......Page 261 References......Page 78 Drugs Used as Hypnotic Agents......Page 84 Insufficient Sleep......Page 85 Laboratory Tests......Page 87 Nocturnal Seizures......Page 88 Falls, Cognitive Effects, and Other Considerations for the Elderly......Page 89 Sleep Disturbance......Page 246 Circadian Factors Influencing Stroke Onset......Page 91 Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep-wake Disorders After Stroke......Page 380 Other Drugs Used as Hypnotics......Page 92 Considerations for Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia......Page 93 Concluding Statement......Page 94 References......Page 95 Introduction......Page 99 Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 319 Parasomnias......Page 102 Sleep in Poliomyelitis and Postpolio Syndrome......Page 103 Hypocretin and the Control of Behavioral State......Page 104 Hypocretin Neurons and Hypocretin Receptors......Page 105 Narcolepsy......Page 161 Hypocretin-histamine Interactions in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions......Page 108 Hypothalamic Sleep-Promoting Systems and Their Interactions With Hypothalamic and Other Wake-Promoting Systems......Page 109 Links Between Vigilance Control and Other Hypothalamic Functions Through the Hypocretin System......Page 110 Symptomatic Narcolepsy......Page 111 References......Page 112 Recurrent hypersomnias......Page 117 Violence May Be State Dependent......Page 467 Sleep Duration and Sleep Schedule......Page 118 Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class II Association......Page 119 Psychological Investigation......Page 120 RLS and Plmd in PD......Page 324 Predisposing and Precipitating Factors......Page 121 Changes in Melatonin Excretion and Rhythmicity......Page 338 Hypnic Headache......Page 122 References......Page 123 Introduction......Page 126 Clinical Features......Page 127 Neuropathological Aspects......Page 307 Cataplexy......Page 128 Sleep Eeg (architecture) Changes......Page 375 Pathophysiology of Sleep-wake Disorders after Stroke......Page 130 Sleep Pattern......Page 243 Sleep and Breathing Dysfunction in Primary Muscle Disorders......Page 414 Narcolepsy......Page 131 Laboratory Investigations......Page 419 Pathophysiological Consideration of narcolepsy-cataplexy......Page 136 Diagnostic Value of CSF Hypocretin-1 Measurements......Page 137 Pregnancy......Page 248 Narcolepsy and the Immune System......Page 141 Pathophysiological Considerations for Narcolepsy Without Cataplexy......Page 142 Symptomatic Narcolepsy and EDS, and The hypocretin System......Page 143 Current Treatments for Human Narcolepsy......Page 145 Increased Dopaminergic Transmission Mediates the Wake-promoting Effects of Currently Prescribed Stimulant Compounds.........Page 147 Future Therapies......Page 148 Conclusion......Page 149 References......Page 150 Syndromes of Sleepiness......Page 158 Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 159 Sleep Dysfunction in Myotonic Dystrophy......Page 162 References......Page 163 The Active Onset of Motor Suppression in Sleep......Page 165 Early Studies of Rem Sleep Motor Control......Page 166 The Motor Neuron in Sleep......Page 167 The Caudal Brainstem: Organizer of Motor Control in Rem Sleep......Page 168 Management......Page 170 Rem Sleep Without Atonia......Page 172 References......Page 176 NREM parasomnias......Page 180 Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)......Page 182 Pathophysiology......Page 233 Changes in Melatonin Excretion and Circadian Rhythmicity......Page 333 Nonphotic Circadian Inputs to the Scn......Page 184 Clinical Approach to Diagnosis of Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 221 Clinical Features......Page 185 Clinical and Pathophysiological Subtypes......Page 448 Changes in Circadian Phase......Page 187 Diaphragmatic Pacing......Page 424 Sleep-related Eating Disorder......Page 188 Overview......Page 342 Use of Polysomnography......Page 189 Pharmacological Treatments......Page 192 References......Page 193 Rem Sleep Without Atonia and Increased Phasic Emg Activity in Rem Sleep......Page 199 Suprachiasmatic Nuclei......Page 334 The Tau Mutation......Page 200 Adding More Loops to the Cycle......Page 281 Differential Diagnosis......Page 201 Irregular Sleep-Wake Type......Page 202 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy......Page 447 Interventional Treatment Using Mechanical Devices......Page 422 Other Headache Entities......Page 203 Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome......Page 204 Physiopathology in Animals and Humans......Page 206 References......Page 207 Physiological Fragmentary (or Partial) Hypnic Myoclonus (PFHM)......Page 212 Excessive Fragmentary Hypnic Myoclonus (EFHM)......Page 213 Clinical Manifestations of Sleep Dysfunction in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 410 Propriospinal Myoclonus at the Wake-Sleep Transition......Page 215 Benign Sleep Myoclonus of Infancy......Page 216 Sleeptalking......Page 218 Clinical Features......Page 322 Sleep-Related Hallucinations......Page 222 Sleep Paralysis......Page 223 References......Page 224 Epidemiology and Genetics......Page 229 Diagnosis......Page 231 Complaints of Tooth Grinding and Morning Jaw Muscle Pain Including Headaches......Page 236 References......Page 237 Violence Arising From the Sleep Period......Page 240 Sleep-triggered Headaches......Page 395 Associated Features......Page 241 Periodic Limb Movements and Periodic Leg Movement Disorder......Page 242 Sleep and Motor Neuron Disease......Page 412 Differential Diagnosis......Page 444 Sleep Disturbances Associated With headaches......Page 245 Pathogenesis and Mechanism of SDB and Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 418 Overview......Page 336 Associated Conditions and Secondary Forms of Rls......Page 247 End-stage Renal Disease and Dialysis......Page 249 Other Conditions......Page 250 Gender Differences......Page 251 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Due to Medical Condition......Page 252 Prevalence in Other Geographical Population Surveys......Page 253 Hallucinations and Nocturnal Agitation......Page 255 Genetics: Association Studies......Page 256 Restless Legs Syndrome/periodic Limb Movements of Sleep......Page 257 The Role of the Dopaminergic System......Page 259 Overview......Page 349 Imaging Studies......Page 260 Spinal......Page 263 Other Causes of Sleep-disordered Breathing......Page 264 Other Dopaminergic Agents......Page 265 Anticonvulsants......Page 266 Summary......Page 267 Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3/Machado-Joseph Disease......Page 354 References......Page 268 The Master Neural Circadian Clock......Page 276 The Period Gene of the Circadian Clock......Page 277 The Mammalian Clock Gene......Page 278 Interactions of Clock With Period and Bmal1 genes......Page 279 Medication......Page 461 Other Genes and Mutations......Page 282 References......Page 284 Circadian Rhythms......Page 287 Epidemiology......Page 318 Pathophysiology......Page 288 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 290 Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder (Rbd)......Page 469 Sleep Apnea and Snoring......Page 397 Treatment......Page 291 Prevalence......Page 292 Prevalence......Page 293 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of waking, Sleep/violence......Page 472 Treatment......Page 294 Prevalence and Pathophysiology......Page 295 Treatment......Page 296 References......Page 297 The Prion Diseases......Page 302 Control of Breathing During Wakefulness and Sleep......Page 303 Neuroimaging Findings......Page 306 Molecular Neurobiology......Page 308 Sporadic Fatal Insomnia......Page 309 Infratentorial Strokes......Page 311 Conclusions......Page 313 References......Page 314 Disorders of Arousal (confusional Arousals, Sleepwalking/sleep Terrors)......Page 468 Treatment......Page 320 Disorders of Nocturnal Sleep......Page 321 RBD, EDS, and Hallucinations in PD......Page 323 References......Page 325 Overview......Page 332 Hypersomnia, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Apathy, Fatigue......Page 372 Types of Breathing Pattern in Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 335 Circadian Dysrhythmias, Insomnia, and Dementia (pertaining Primarily to Ad)......Page 337 Dysfunction of Light Transmission......Page 339 Environmental Light Exposure......Page 340 Light Therapy......Page 341 Idiopathic RBD......Page 343 Treatment......Page 344 Overview......Page 345 Medication-induced Insomnia in Demented patients......Page 346 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Dementing Illnesses (pertaining Primarily to Alzheimer's Disease)......Page 347 Other Sleep Disorders Likely To be Comorbid With Neurodegenerative Diseases......Page 348 Pathogenesis......Page 350 Nasal Cpap......Page 351 Clinical and Demographic Features......Page 352 Overview......Page 353 Dystonia......Page 355 Nonpharmacological......Page 356 Pharmacological......Page 357 References......Page 358 Supratentorial Strokes......Page 376 Hypersomnia, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Apathy, Fatigue......Page 378 Sleep-wake Disorders After Stroke and Stroke Evolution/outcome......Page 379 Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Sleep-disordered Breathing After Stroke......Page 381 Poststroke Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 383 Sleep-disordered Breathing as a Risk Factor For stroke......Page 384 Sdb, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type Ii Diabetes......Page 385 Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 386 Introduction......Page 394 Pathogenesis......Page 431 Sleep-relieved Headaches (sleep as a Headache Reliever)......Page 396 Headaches Associated With Sleep Disturbances......Page 398 Tension-type Headache......Page 399 Sleep Disturbances and Headache as Comorbid Symptoms......Page 400 Headache and Sleep Disturbances have A common "Extrinsic" Cause......Page 401 Headaches With a Higher Risk of Sleep Disturbance......Page 402 Functional Links Between Headaches and Sleep......Page 403 References......Page 404 The Central Control of Breathing......Page 408 The Chest Bellow Component......Page 409 Pulmonary Function Tests......Page 420 Indications for Intermittent Positive Pressure ventilation......Page 423 Reference......Page 425 Historical Perspectives......Page 430 Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy......Page 432 Clinical and Pathophysiological Subtypes......Page 433 Age of Onset, Course, and Complications......Page 435 Pathology and Pathophysiology......Page 438 Polysomnographic and Other Objective Findings......Page 439 Early-onset or Late-onset Childhood Benign Epilepsy With Occipital Paroxysms......Page 446 Landau-Kleffner Syndrome......Page 449 Effect of Epileptic Phenomena On Sleep......Page 450 Modulation of Sleep Microstructure on Interictal Epileptic Discharges and Seizures......Page 451 Effect of Sleep Disorders......Page 452 References......Page 454 References......Page 464 A......Page 478 Automatisms and the Law......Page 471 References......Page 473 B......Page 479 C......Page 480 D......Page 482 E......Page 483 F......Page 484 H......Page 485 I......Page 486 L......Page 487 M......Page 488 N......Page 489 O......Page 490 P......Page 491 R......Page 492 S......Page 493 T......Page 495 W......Page 496 Z......Page 497 Sleep Disorders II covers various aspects of sleep disorders. These include the different classification of sleep disorders, the genetic influences of sleep disorders, abnormality in the sleeping pattern, and the circadian rhythm sleep disorder. A sleep disorder is a medical disorder that affects the sleeping patterns of humans (and sometimes animals). The disruptions in sleep can be caused by different factors, such as teeth grinding, night terrors, and the like. The book also discusses different perspectives on insomnia and hypersomnia. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, insomnia is a sleep that is low in quality or a difficulty in sleeping. On the other hand, hypersomnia is a sleeping disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) or prolonged nighttime sleep. The book discusses narcolepsy, a syndrome that is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness that is associated with cataplexy and other REM sleep phenomena. The different medicines for this disease are also discussed. People who are practicing neurology and internal medicine, especially those in pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal and endocrine specialties, will find this book valuable. A comprehensive resource for the study of sleep science, sleep medicine, and sleep disorders Fascinating noninvasive neuroimaging studies that demonstrate marked changes during different sleep states A state-of-the-art reference that summarizes the clinical features and management of many of the neurological manifestations of sleep disorders

This volume explores sleep medicine, sleep science, and the sleep disorders that keep one-quarter of the U.S. population from getting this necessary component of normal cognitive functioning and survival.

With an emphasis on diagnostic techniques, particularly imaging, this handbook shines newfound attention on the genetic and clinical aspects of sleep medicine. Advances in basic science are explored, including a better understanding of sleep-wakefulness and new models of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanisms. Advancements in the understanding of sleep–wake-dependent genes, gene products, and the role of sleep duration in mortality and morbidity are also presented, along with fascinating noninvasive neuroimaging studies that demonstrate marked changes in function during different sleep states.

Clinicians will gain new insights into the diagnosis of sleep disorders and sleep science. In addition, researchers will have an invaluable tool that will form a foundation for new approaches into the ongoing study of sleep medicine.

* A comprehensive resource for the study of sleep science, sleep medicine, and sleep disorders
* Fascinating noninvasive neuroimaging studies that demonstrate marked changes during different sleep states
* A state-of-the-art reference that summarizes the clinical features and management of many of the neurological manifestations of sleep disorders Printbegrænsninger: Der kan printes kapitelvis