Single Neuron Studies of the Human Brain: Probing Cognition (The MIT Press)

In the last decade, the synergistic interaction of neurosurgeons, engineers, and neuroscientists, combined with new technologies, has enabled scientists to study the awake, behaving human brain directly. These developments allow cognitive processes to be characterized at unprecedented resolution: single neuron activity. Direct observation of the human brain has already led to major insights into such aspects of brain function as perception, language, sleep, learning, memory, action, imagery, volition, and consciousness. In this volume, experts document the successes, challenges, and opportunity in an emerging field. The book presents methodological tutorials, with chapters on such topics as the surgical implantation of electrodes and data analysis techniques; describes novel insights into cognitive functions including memory, decision making, and visual imagery; and discusses insights into diseases such as epilepsy and movement disorders gained from examining single neuron activity. Finally, contributors consider future challenges, questions that are ripe for investigation, and exciting avenues for translational efforts. Foundational Studies Of The Activities Of Spiking Neurons In The Awake And Behaving Human Brain And The Insights They Yield Into Cognitive And Clinical Phenomena. 50+ Years Of Human Single Neuron Recordings: A Personal Perspective / George Ojemann -- The Neurosurgical Theatre Of The Mind / Itzhak Fried -- Ethical And Practical Considerations For Human Microelectrode Recording Studies / Adam Mamelak -- Subchronic In Vivo Human Microelectrode Recording / Richard J. Staba, Tony Fields, Erik Behnke, And Charles L. Wilson -- Data Analysis Techniques For Human Microwire Recordings : Spike Detection And Sorting, Decoding, Relation Between Units, And Local Field Potentials / Ueli Rutishauser, Moran Cerf, And Gabriel Kreiman -- Single-neuron Correlates Of Declarative Memory Formation And Retrieval In The Human Medial Temporal Lobe / Ueli Rutishauser, Erin M. Schuman, And Adam N. Mamelak -- Visual Cognitive Adventures Of Single Neurons In The Human Medial Temporal Lobe / Florian Mormann, Matias Ison, Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Christof Koch, Itzhak Fried, And Gabriel Kreiman -- Navigating Our Environment : Insights From Single Neuron Recordings From The Human Brain / Nanthia Suthana, Itzhak Fried -- Microelectrode Studies Of Human Sleep / Yuval Nir, Michel Le Van Quyen, Giulio Tononi, And Richard J. Staba -- Studying Thoughts And Deliberations Using Single-neuron Recordings In Humans / Moran Cerf, Hagar Gelbard-sagiv, And Itzhak Fried -- Human Single Neuron Reward Processing In The Basal Ganglia And Anterior Cingulate / Shaun R. Patel, Demetrio Sierra-mercado, Clarissa Martinez-rubio, And Emad N. Eskandar -- Electrophysiological Responses To Faces In The Human Amygdala / Ralph Adolphs, Hiroto Kawasaki, Oana Tudusciuc, Matthew Howard Iii, Chris Heller, William Sutherling, Linda Philpott, Ian Ross, Adam Mamelak, And Ueli Rutishauser -- Human Lateral Temporal Cortical Single Neuron Activity During Language, Recent Memory, And Learning / George Ojemann -- Microelectrode Recordings In Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery / C. Rory Goodwin, Travis S. Tierney, Frederick A. Lenz, And William S. Anderson -- Microstimulation Effects On Thalamic Neurons / Sanjay Patra, William D. Hutchison, Clement Hamani, Mojgan Hodaie, Andres M. Lozano, And Jonathan O. Dostrovsky -- Human Single Unit Activity For Reach And Grasp Motor Prostheses / Arjun K. Bansal -- Human Single Unit Recording As An Approach To Understand The Neurophysiology Of Seizure Generation / Andreas Schulze-bonhage And Radiger Kãhling -- The Next Ten Years And Beyond / Ueli Rutishauser, Itzhak Fried, Moran Cerf, And Gabriel Kreiman. Edited By Itzhak Fried, Ueli Rutishauser, Moran Cerf, And Gabriel Kreiman. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Foundational studies of the activities of spiking neurons in the awake and behaving human brain and the insights they yield into cognitive and clinical phenomena. In the last decade, the synergistic interaction of neurosurgeons, engineers, and neuroscientists, combined with new technologies, has enabled scientists to study the awake, behaving human brain directly. These developments allow cognitive processes to be characterized at unprecedented resolution: single neuron activity. Direct observation of the human brain has already led to major insights into such aspects of brain function as perception, language, sleep, learning, memory, action, imagery, volition, and consciousness. In this volume, experts document the successes, challenges, and opportunity in an emerging field.The book presents methodological tutorials, with chapters on such topics as the surgical implantation of electrodes and data analysis techniques; describes novel insights into cognitive functions including memory, decision making, and visual imagery; and discusses insights into diseases such as epilepsy and movement disorders gained from examining single neuron activity. Finally, contributors consider future challenges, questions that are ripe for investigation, and exciting avenues for translational efforts.ContributorsRalph Adolphs, William S. Anderson, Arjun K. Bansal, Eric J. Behnke, Moran Cerf, Jonathan O. Dostrovsky, Emad N. Eskandar, Tony A. Fields, Itzhak Fried, Hagar Gelbard-Sagiv, C. Rory Goodwin, Clement Hamani, Chris Heller, Mojgan Hodaie, Matthew Howard III, William D. Hutchison, Matias Ison, Hiroto Kawasaki, Christof Koch, Rüdiger Köhling, Gabriel Kreiman, Michel Le Van Quyen, Frederick A. Lenz, Andres M. Lozano, Adam N. Mamelak, Clarissa Martinez-Rubio, Florian Mormann, Yuval Nir, George Ojemann, Shaun R. Patel, Sanjay Patra, Linda Philpott, Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Ian Ross, Ueli Rutishauser, Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Erin M. Schuman, Demetrio Sierra-Mercado, Richard J. Staba, Nanthia Suthana, William Sutherling, Travis S. Tierney, Giulio Tononi, Oana Tudusciuc, Charles L. Wilson Foundational studies of the activities of spiking neurons in the awake and behaving human brain and the insights they yield into cognitive and clinical phenomena. In the last decade, the synergistic interaction of neurosurgeons, engineers, and neuroscientists, combined with new technologies, has enabled scientists to study the awake, behaving human brain directly. These developments allow cognitive processes to be characterized at unprecedented single neuron activity. Direct observation of the human brain has already led to major insights into such aspects of brain function as perception, language, sleep, learning, memory, action, imagery, volition, and consciousness. In this volume, experts document the successes, challenges, and opportunity in an emerging field. The book presents methodological tutorials, with chapters on such topics as the surgical implantation of electrodes and data analysis techniques; describes novel insights into cognitive functions including memory, decision making, and visual imagery; and discusses insights into diseases such as epilepsy and movement disorders gained from examining single neuron activity. Finally, contributors consider future challenges, questions that are ripe for investigation, and exciting avenues for translational efforts. Contributors Ralph Adolphs, William S. Anderson, Arjun K. Bansal, Eric J. Behnke, Moran Cerf, Jonathan O. Dostrovsky, Emad N. Eskandar, Tony A. Fields, Itzhak Fried, Hagar Gelbard-Sagiv, C. Rory Goodwin, Clement Hamani, Chris Heller, Mojgan Hodaie, Matthew Howard III, William D. Hutchison, Matias Ison, Hiroto Kawasaki, Christof Koch, Rdiger Khling, Gabriel Kreiman, Michel Le Van Quyen, Frederick A. Lenz, Andres M. Lozano, Adam N. Mamelak, Clarissa Martinez-Rubio, Florian Mormann, Yuval Nir, George Ojemann, Shaun R. Patel, Sanjay Patra, Linda Philpott, Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Ian Ross, Ueli Rutishauser, Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Erin M. Schuman, Demetrio Sierra-Mercado, Richard J. Staba, Nanthia Suthana, William Sutherling, Travis S. Tierney, Giulio Tononi, Oana Tudusciuc, Charles L. Wilson Contents 6 Open Letter to a Beginning Researcher in the Field of Human Single Neuron Investigations 8 1 Introduction 10 2 Fifty-plus Years of Human Single Neuron Recordings: A Personal Perspective 16 I METHODOLOGICAL, ETHICAL, AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 26 3 The Neurosurgical Theater of the Mind 28 4 Ethical and Practical Considerations for Human Microelectrode Recording Studies 36 5 Subchronic In Vivo Human Microelectrode Recording 52 6 Data Analysis Techniques for Human Microwire Recordings: Spike Detection and Sorting, Decoding, Relation between Neurons and Local Field Potentials 68 II COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE FINDINGS AND INSIGHTS 108 7 Single Neuron Correlates of Declarative Memory Formation and Retrieval in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe 110 8 Visual Cognitive Adventures of Single Neurons in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe 130 9 Navigating Our Environment: Insights from Single Neuron Recordings in the Human Brain 162 10 Microelectrode Studies of Human Sleep 174 11 Studying Thoughts and Deliberations Using Single Neuron Recordings in Humans 198 12 Human Single Neuron Reward Processing in the Basal Ganglia and Anterior Cingulate 214 13 Electrophysiological Responses to Faces in the Human Amygdala 238 14 Human Lateral Temporal Cortical Single Neuron Activity during Language, Recent Memory, and Learning 256 III CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 282 15 Microelectrode Recordings in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery 284 16 Microstimulation Effects on Thalamic Neurons 304 17 Human Single Unit Activity for Reach and Grasp Motor Prostheses 314 18 Human Single Neuron Recording as an Approach to Understand the Neurophysiology of Seizure Generation 336 IV CONCLUSIONS 354 19 The Next Ten Years and Beyond 356 Contributors 368 Index 372 Color Plates 376 In the last decade, the synergistic interaction of neurosurgeons, engineers, and neuroscientists, combined with new technologies, has enabled scientists to study the awake, behaving human brain directly. These developments allow cognitive processes to be characterised at unprecedented resolution: single neuron activity. In this volume, experts document the successes, challenges, and opportunity in an emerging field