رابطه‌دهی میکروکنترلرهای تک‌چیپ و چندچیپ: برای موتورولا 6812 (سری انتشارات آکادمیک در مهندسی)

Single and Multiple-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing teaches the principles of designing and programming microcontrollers that will be used in a wide variety of electronic and mechanical devices, machines and systems. Applications are wide ranging from controlling an automobile to measuring, controlling and displaying your homes temperature. This book utilizes the new Motorola 68HC12 Microcontroller as the primary example throughout. This new microprocessor is the latest development in mid-level 16-bit microcontrollers that will be used world wide due to its low cost and ease of programming. The book features the most popular programming languages C and C++ in describing basic and advanced techniques. The 68HC12 will replace many of the existing 8-bit microprocessors currently used in applications and teaching. KEY FEATURES - First book available on the new Motorola 6812 microcontroller - Thorough discussion of C and C++ programming of I/O ports and synchronization mechanisms - Concrete discussion of applications of using the popular, readily available, inexpensive and well-designed 6812. - A CD-ROM with HiWares professional C++ compiler is included with the book - Many examples and over 200 problems at the end of chapters. - Separate sections describing object-oriented interfacing This book is ideal for professional engineers as well as students in university courses in microprocessors/microcontrollers in departments of electrical engineering, computer engineering or computer science. It is also appropriate for advanced technical school courses. The book will also be a valuable professional reference for electrical engineers and mechanical engineers in industry working with the design of electronic and electromechanical devices and systems. Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 14 List of Figures......Page 18 List of Tables......Page 22 Acknowledgments......Page 23 About the Author......Page 7 1.1 An Introduction to the Microcomputer......Page 24 1.1.1 Computer Architecture......Page 25 1.1.2 The Instruction......Page 29 1.1.3 Microcomputers......Page 32 1.2.1 6812 Addressing Modes......Page 34 1.2.2 6812 Data Operator Instructions......Page 39 1.2.3 6812 Control Instructions......Page 46 1.3 Assembly-Language Directives......Page 51 1.4.2 6812 Microcontroller I/O and Memory Organization......Page 54 1.4.3 The MC68HC812A4 and MC68HC912B32 Memory Maps......Page 58 1.5 Conclusions......Page 59 1 Problems......Page 61 2 Programming Microcomputers......Page 68 2.1 Introduction to C......Page 69 2.2 Data Structures......Page 78 2.2.1 Indexable Data Structures......Page 80 2.2.2 Sequential Data Structures......Page 82 2.3.1 C Procedures and Their Arguments......Page 89 2.3.2 Programming Style......Page 95 2.3.3 Object-Oriented Programming......Page 96 2.3.5 Optimizing C Programs with Assembly Language......Page 106 2.4 Conclusions......Page 107 2 Problems......Page 109 3 Bus Hardware and Signals......Page 116 3.1.1 Modules and Signals......Page 117 3.1.2 Drivers, Registers, and Memories......Page 120 3.2.1 Address and Control Timing......Page 127 3.2.2 Address and Control Signal Decoding......Page 131 3.3 Conclusions......Page 136 3 Problems......Page 138 4. Parallel and Serial Input/Output......Page 144 4.1 I/O Devices and Ports......Page 145 4.1.1 Generic Port Architecture......Page 146 4.1.2 Generic Port Classes......Page 154 4.1.3 Debugging Tools......Page 158 4.2 6812 Parallel Ports......Page 161 4.2.1 MC68HC812A4 Port Architecture......Page 162 4.2.2 MC68HC912B32 Port Architecture......Page 163 4.2.3 Programming of PORTA......Page 164 4.2.4 A Class for Ports with Direction Control......Page 166 4.3.1 A Wire......Page 169 4.3.2 A Movie......Page 170 4.3.3 A Traffic Light Controller......Page 171 4.3.4 A Sequential Machine......Page 173 4.3.5 An IC Tester......Page 177 4.3.6 Object-oriented Vector Functions and Interpreters......Page 180 4.4.1 Indirect Input/Output......Page 185 4.4.2 LCD Interfacing......Page 188 4.4.3 Synchronous Serial Input/Output......Page 189 4.4.4 The 6812 SPI Module......Page 195 4.4.5 Accessing Devices Using Vectors and structs......Page 198 4.4.6 Indirect and Serial I/O Objects......Page 200 4.5 A Designer's Selection of I/O Ports and Software......Page 204 4.6 Conclusions......Page 206 4 Problems......Page 208 5 Interrupts and Alternatives......Page 216 5.1.1 Real-time Synchronization......Page 219 5.1.2 Gadfly Synchronization......Page 221 5.1.3 Handshaking......Page 223 5.1.4 Some Examples of Programmed I/O......Page 224 5.1.5 Object-oriented Classes for Programmed I/O......Page 227 5.2.1 Steps in an Interrupt......Page 233 5.2.2 Interrupt Handlers and Critical Sections......Page 237 5.2.3 Polled Interrupts......Page 245 5.2.4 Vectored Interrupts......Page 251 5.2.5 Examples of Interrupt Synchronization......Page 254 5.2.6 Object-oriented Classes for Interrupts......Page 260 5.3.1 Real-time Interrupts......Page 267 5.3.2 Multithread Scheduling......Page 268 5.3.3 Threads for Time-sharing......Page 271 5.3.4 An Efficient Time Schedular......Page 275 5.3.5 Special Instructions for Time-sharing......Page 279 5.3.6 Object-oriented Classes for Time-sharing......Page 280 5.4 Fast Synchronization Mechanisms......Page 281 5.4.1 Direct Memory Access......Page 282 5.4.2 Context Switching......Page 283 5.4.3 Memory Buffer Synchronization......Page 285 5.5 Conclusions......Page 289 5 Problems......Page 292 6.1.1 MODE Control Port......Page 300 6.1.2 Port E Assignment......Page 302 6.2.1 Internal Memory Map Control......Page 303 6.2.2 MC68HC812A4 Chip Selects......Page 304 6.2.3 MC68HC812A4 Memory Expansion......Page 307 6.2.4 Object-oriented Programming of Memory Expansion......Page 308 6.3 EEPROM and Flash Memory Programming......Page 309 6.4 MC68HC812A4 Timing Control......Page 312 6.5 An External Memory for the MC68HC812A4......Page 313 6.6 The 6812 Background Debug Module......Page 318 6.7 6812 Reset Handler......Page 322 6.8 Conclusions......Page 324 6 Problems......Page 325 7 Analog Interfacing......Page 330 7.1.1 Positional Transducers......Page 332 7.1.2 Radiant Energy Transducers......Page 334 7.1.3 Other Transducers......Page 336 7.2.1 Transistors and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers......Page 337 7.2.2 Basic Linear Integrated Circuits......Page 340 7.2.3 Practical Linear Integrated Circuits......Page 344 7.3 OP AMP and Analog Switch Signal Conditioning......Page 349 7.3.1 Filters......Page 350 7.3.2 Selection of Inputs and Control of Gain......Page 352 7.3.3 Nonlinear Amplification......Page 355 7.4.1 Digital-to-Analog Converters......Page 357 7.4.2 Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 361 7.4.3 Voltage Conversion to or from Frequency......Page 363 7.5 Data Acquisition Systems......Page 367 7.5.1 Basic Operation of a Data Acquisition System......Page 368 7.5.2 The MC145040 A-to-D Converter......Page 369 7.5.3 The MC68HC812A4 A-to-D Converter......Page 370 7.5.4 Object-oriented Programming of Converters......Page 372 7.5.5 Applications in Control Systems......Page 373 7.6 Conclusions......Page 375 7 Problems......Page 377 8 Counters and Timers......Page 384 8.1 The MC68HC812A4 Counter/Timer Subsystem......Page 385 8.2 Signal Generation......Page 386 8.2.1 Output Compare Logic......Page 387 8.2.2 The Counter/Timer Square-Wave Generator......Page 388 8.2.3 The MC68HC912B32 PWM Signal Generator......Page 389 8.2.4 A Touch-tone Signal Generator......Page 392 8.2.5 The Pulse Generator......Page 396 8.2.6 A Rotary Dialer......Page 397 8.2.7 Real-Time Clock and Trace Mechanism......Page 398 8.2.8 Output Compare 7......Page 399 8.2.9 Object-oriented Square-wave and Pulse Generation......Page 401 8.3.1 The Input Capture Mechanism and Period Measurement......Page 404 8.3.2 Pulse-width Measurement......Page 406 8.3.4 Pulse Accumulation and Frequency Measurement......Page 408 8.3.5 Object-oriented Period, Pulse-width, and Frequency Measurements......Page 410 8.4 Conclusions......Page 411 8 Problems......Page 413 9. Communications Systems......Page 420 9.1 Communications Principles......Page 421 9.2.1 Voltage and Current Linkages......Page 424 9.2.2 Frequency Shift-Keyed Links Using Modems......Page 428 9.2.3 Infrared Links......Page 430 9.3.1 UART Transmission and Reception by Software......Page 431 9.3.2 The UART......Page 434 9.3.3 The ACIA......Page 437 9.3.4 The M14469......Page 440 9.3.5 The Serial Communication Interface System in the 6812......Page 443 9.3.6 Object-oriented Interfacing to the SCI......Page 446 9.4.1 Synchronous Bit-oriented Protocols......Page 450 9.4.2 MC68HC912B32 BDLC Device......Page 453 9.4.3 IEEE-488 Bus Standard......Page 455 9.4.4 The Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)......Page 458 9.5 Conclusions......Page 459 9 Problems......Page 461 10. Display and Storage Systems......Page 468 10.1.1 NTSC Television Signals......Page 469 10.1.2 A 6812 SPI Display......Page 471 10.1.3 A Bitmapped Display......Page 473 10.1.4 An Object-oriented Display......Page 476 10.2.1 Floppy Disk Format......Page 478 10.2.2. The Western Digital 37C65C Floppy Disk Controller......Page 482 10.2.3. Floppy Disk Interfacing Procedures......Page 485 10.2.4 Personal Computer Disk Data Organization......Page 489 10.2.5 Object-oriented Disk I/O......Page 493 10.3 Conclusions......Page 496 Problems......Page 498 Appendix. Using the HIWAVE CD-ROM......Page 504 C......Page 506 D......Page 507 I......Page 508 N......Page 509 P......Page 510 S......Page 511 Z......Page 512 Contents 8 Preface 14 List of Figures 18 List of Tables 22 Acknowledgments 23 About the Author 7 1 Microcomputer Architecture 24 1.1 An Introduction to the Microcomputer 24 1.1.1 Computer Architecture 25 1.1.2 The Instruction 29 1.1.3 Microcomputers 32 1.2 The 6812 Instruction Set 34 1.2.1 6812 Addressing Modes 34 1.2.2 6812 Data Operator Instructions 39 1.2.3 6812 Control Instructions 46 1.3 Assembly-Language Directives 51 1.4 Organization of 6812 Microcontrollers 54 1.4.1 Notation for Block Diagrams 54 1.4.2 6812 Microcontroller I/O and Memory Organization 54 1.4.3 The MC68HC812A4 and MC68HC912B32 Memory Maps 58 1.5 Conclusions 59 1 Problems 61 2 Programming Microcomputers 68 2.1 Introduction to C 69 2.2 Data Structures 78 2.2.1 Indexable Data Structures 80 2.2.2 Sequential Data Structures 82 2.3 Writing Clear C Programs 89 2.3.1 C Procedures and Their Arguments 89 2.3.2 Programming Style 95 2.3.3 Object-Oriented Programming 96 2.3.4 Optimizing C Programs Using Declarations 106 2.3.5 Optimizing C Programs with Assembly Language 106 2.4 Conclusions 107 2 Problems 109 3 Bus Hardware and Signals 116 3.1 Digital Hardware 117 3.1.1 Modules and Signals 117 3.1.2 Drivers, Registers, and Memories 120 3.2 Address and Control Signals in 6812 Microcontrollers 127 3.2.1 Address and Control Timing 127 3.2.2 Address and Control Signal Decoding 131 3.3 Conclusions 136 3 Problems 138 4. Parallel and Serial Input/Output 144 4.1 I/O Devices and Ports 145 4.1.1 Generic Port Architecture 146 4.1.2 Generic Port Classes 154 4.1.3 Debugging Tools 158 4.2 6812 Parallel Ports 161 4.2.1 MC68HC812A4 Port Architecture 162 4.2.2 MC68HC912B32 Port Architecture 163 4.2.3 Programming of PORTA 164 4.2.4 A Class for Ports with Direction Control 166 4.3 Input/Output Software 169 4.3.1 A Wire 169 4.3.2 A Movie 170 4.3.3 A Traffic Light Controller 171 4.3.4 A Sequential Machine 173 4.3.5 An IC Tester 177 4.3.6 Object-oriented Vector Functions and Interpreters 180 4.4 Input/Output Indirection 185 4.4.1 Indirect Input/Output 185 4.4.2 LCD Interfacing 188 4.4.3 Synchronous Serial Input/Output 189 4.4.4 The 6812 SPI Module 195 4.4.5 Accessing Devices Using Vectors and structs 198 4.4.6 Indirect and Serial I/O Objects 200 4.5 A Designer's Selection of I/O Ports and Software 204 4.6 Conclusions 206 4 Problems 208 5 Interrupts and Alternatives 216 5.1 Programmed Synchronization 219 5.1.1 Real-time Synchronization 219 5.1.2 Gadfly Synchronization 221 5.1.3 Handshaking 223 5.1.4 Some Examples of Programmed I/O 224 5.1.5 Object-oriented Classes for Programmed I/O 227 5.2 Interrupt Synchronization 233 5.2.1 Steps in an Interrupt 233 5.2.2 Interrupt Handlers and Critical Sections 237 5.2.3 Polled Interrupts 245 5.2.4 Vectored Interrupts 251 5.2.5 Examples of Interrupt Synchronization 254 5.2.6 Object-oriented Classes for Interrupts 260 5.3 Time-Sharing 267 5.3.1 Real-time Interrupts 267 5.3.2 Multithread Scheduling 268 5.3.3 Threads for Time-sharing 271 5.3.4 An Efficient Time Schedular 275 5.3.5 Special Instructions for Time-sharing 279 5.3.6 Object-oriented Classes for Time-sharing 280 5.4 Fast Synchronization Mechanisms 281 5.4.1 Direct Memory Access 282 5.4.2 Context Switching 283 5.4.3 Memory Buffer Synchronization 285 5.5 Conclusions 289 5 Problems 292 6 System Control 300 6.1 6812 Chip Modes 300 6.1.1 MODE Control Port 300 6.1.2 Port E Assignment 302 6.2 6812 Memory Map Control 303 6.2.1 Internal Memory Map Control 303 6.2.2 MC68HC812A4 Chip Selects 304 6.2.3 MC68HC812A4 Memory Expansion 307 6.2.4 Object-oriented Programming of Memory Expansion 308 6.3 EEPROM and Flash Memory Programming 309 6.4 MC68HC812A4 Timing Control 312 6.5 An External Memory for the MC68HC812A4 313 6.6 The 6812 Background Debug Module 318 6.7 6812 Reset Handler 322 6.8 Conclusions 324 6 Problems 325 7 Analog Interfacing 330 7.1 Input and Output Transducers 332 7.1.1 Positional Transducers 332 7.1.2 Radiant Energy Transducers 334 7.1.3 Other Transducers 336 7.2 Basic Analog Processing Components 337 7.2.1 Transistors and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers 337 7.2.2 Basic Linear Integrated Circuits 340 7.2.3 Practical Linear Integrated Circuits 344 7.3 OP AMP and Analog Switch Signal Conditioning 349 7.3.1 Filters 350 7.3.2 Selection of Inputs and Control of Gain 352 7.3.3 Nonlinear Amplification 355 7.4 Converters 357 7.4.1 Digital-to-Analog Converters 357 7.4.2 Analog-to-Digital Converters 361 7.4.3 Voltage Conversion to or from Frequency 363 7.5 Data Acquisition Systems 367 7.5.1 Basic Operation of a Data Acquisition System 368 7.5.2 The MC145040 A-to-D Converter 369 7.5.3 The MC68HC812A4 A-to-D Converter 370 7.5.4 Object-oriented Programming of Converters 372 7.5.5 Applications in Control Systems 373 7.6 Conclusions 375 7 Problems 377 8 Counters and Timers 384 8.1 The MC68HC812A4 Counter/Timer Subsystem 385 8.2 Signal Generation 386 8.2.1 Output Compare Logic 387 8.2.2 The Counter/Timer Square-Wave Generator 388 8.2.3 The MC68HC912B32 PWM Signal Generator 389 8.2.4 A Touch-tone Signal Generator 392 8.2.5 The Pulse Generator 396 8.2.6 A Rotary Dialer 397 8.2.7 Real-Time Clock and Trace Mechanism 398 8.2.8 Output Compare 7 399 8.2.9 Object-oriented Square-wave and Pulse Generation 401 8.3 Frequency and Period Measurement 404 8.3.1 The Input Capture Mechanism and Period Measurement 404 8.3.2 Pulse-width Measurement 406 8.3.3 Triac Control 408 8.3.4 Pulse Accumulation and Frequency Measurement 408 8.3.5 Object-oriented Period, Pulse-width, and Frequency Measurements 410 8.4 Conclusions 411 8 Problems 413 9. Communications Systems 420 9.1 Communications Principles 421 9.2 Signal Transmission 424 9.2.1 Voltage and Current Linkages 424 9.2.2 Frequency Shift-Keyed Links Using Modems 428 9.2.3 Infrared Links 430 9.3 UART Link Protocol 431 9.3.1 UART Transmission and Reception by Software 431 9.3.2 The UART 434 9.3.3 The ACIA 437 9.3.4 The M14469 440 9.3.5 The Serial Communication Interface System in the 6812 443 9.3.6 Object-oriented Interfacing to the SCI 446 9.4 Other Protocols 450 9.4.1 Synchronous Bit-oriented Protocols 450 9.4.2 MC68HC912B32 BDLC Device 453 9.4.3 IEEE-488 Bus Standard 455 9.4.4 The Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) 458 9.5 Conclusions 459 9 Problems 461 10. Display and Storage Systems 468 10.1 Display Systems 469 10.1.1 NTSC Television Signals 469 10.1.2 A 6812 SPI Display 471 10.1.3 A Bitmapped Display 473 10.1.4 An Object-oriented Display 476 10.2 Storage Systems 478 10.2.1 Floppy Disk Format 478 10.2.2. The Western Digital 37C65C Floppy Disk Controller 482 10.2.3. Floppy Disk Interfacing Procedures 485 10.2.4 Personal Computer Disk Data Organization 489 10.2.5 Object-oriented Disk I/O 493 10.3 Conclusions 496 Problems 498 Appendix. Using the HIWAVE CD-ROM 504 Index 506 A 506 B 506 C 506 D 507 E 508 F 508 G 508 H 508 I 508 J 509 L 509 M 509 N 509 O 510 P 510 Q 511 R 511 S 511 T 512 U 512 V 512 W 512 X 512 Z 512 Referex Single and Multi-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing teaches the principles of designing and programming microcontrollers that will be used in a wide variety of electronic and mechanical devices, machines and systems. Applications are wide, ranging from controlling an automobile to measuring, controlling and displaying your home's temperature. The book utilizes the new Motorola 68Hc12 microcontroller as the primary example throughout. This new microprocessor is the latest development in mid-level 16-bit microcontrollers that will be used world wide due to its low cost and ease of programming. The book features the most popular programming languages--C and C++--in describing basic and advanced techniques. The 68Hc12 will replace many of the existing 8-bit microprocessors currently used in applications and teaching.


* First book available on the new Motorola 68HC12 microcontroller
* Thorough discussion of C and C++ programming of I/O ports and synchronization mechanisms
* Concrete discussion of applications of the popular, readily available, inexpensive and well-designed 68HC12
* A CD-ROM with HiWare's professional C++ compiler is included with the book
* Many examples and over 200 problems at the end of each chapters
* Separate sections describing object -oriented interfacing
This book is ideal for professional engineers as well as students in university courses in micro-processors/microcontrollers in departments of electrical engineering, computer engineering or computer science; It is also appropriate for advanced technical school courses. The book will also be a valuable professional reference for electrical engineers and mechanical engineers in industry working with the design of electronic and electromechanical devices and systems Single and Multi-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing teaches the principles of designing and programming microcontrollers that will be used in a wide variety of electronic and mechanical devices, machines and systems. Applications are wide, ranging from controlling an automobile to measuring, controlling and displaying your home's temperature. The book utilizes the new Motorola 68Hc12 microcontroller as the primary example throughout. This new microprocessor is the latest development in mid-level 16-bit microcontrollers that will be used world wide due to its low cost and ease of programming. The book features the most popular programming languages--C and C++--in describing basic and advanced techniques. The 68Hc12 will replace many of the existing 8-bit microprocessors currently used in applications and teaching. * First book available on the new Motorola 68HC12 microcontroller * Thorough discussion of C and C++ programming of I/O ports and synchronization mechanisms * Concrete discussion of applications of the popular, readily available, inexpensive and well-designed 68HC12 * A CD-ROM with HiWare's professional C++ compiler is included with the book * Many examples and over 200 problems at the end of each chapters * Separate sections describing object -oriented interfacing This book is ideal for professional engineers as well as students in university courses in micro-processors/microcontrollers in departments of electrical engineering, computer engineering or computer science; It is also appropriate for advanced technical school courses. The book will also be a valuable professional reference for electrical engineers and mechanical engineers in industry working with the design of electronic and electromechanical devices and systems "This book is ideal for professional engineers as well as students in university courses in microprocessors/microcontrollers in departments of electrical engineering, computer engineering or computer science. It is also appropriate for advanced technical school courses. The book will also be a valuable professional reference for electrical engineers and mechanical engineers in industry working with the design of electronic and electromechanical devices and systems."--Jacket "Single- and Multiple-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing for the Motorola 68HC12 teaches the principles of designing and programming microcontrollers that will be used in a wide variety of electronic and mechanical devices, machines and systems. Applications are wide, ranging from controlling an automobile to measuring, controlling and displaying your home's temperature. This book utilizes the new Motorola 68HC12 Microcontroller as the primary example throughout."