شبیه‌سازی ابزارهای نرم‌افزاری برای سیستم‌های الکتریکی

Simulation of Software Tools for Electrical Systems: Theory and Practice offers engineers and students what they need to update their understanding of software tools for electric systems, along with guidance on a variety of tools on which to model electrical systems—from device level to system level. The book uses MATLAB, PSIM, Pspice and PSCAD to discuss how to build simulation models of electrical systems that assist in the practice or implementation of simulation software tools in switches, circuits, controllers, instruments and automation system design. In addition, the book covers power electronic switches and FACTS controller device simulation model building with the use of Labview and PLC for industrial automation, process control, monitoring and measurement in electrical systems and hybrid optimization software HOMER is presented for researchers in renewable energy systems. Includes interactive content for numerical computation, visualization and programming for learning the software tools related to electrical sciences Identifies complex and difficult topics illustrated by useable examples Analyzes the simulation of electrical systems, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems using different software, including MATLAB, LABVIEW, MULTISIM, AUTOSIM and PSCAD Software Tools for the Simulation of Electrical Systems Copyright Contents About the authors Preface Preface Acknowledgments 1 MATLAB®/Simulink 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Basics of MATLAB® 1.1.1.1 Design and simulation of power converter Single-phase half-controlled converter Single-phase fully controlled rectifier Three phase converters Buck converter Boost converter 1.1.1.2 Simulation of different transformerless inverters H-bridge with unipolar modulation H-bridge with bipolar modulation H-bridge with DC bypass (H5) H-bridge with AC bypass highly efficient and reliable inverter concept 1.1.1.3 H6 topology 1.1.1.4 oH5 topology Introduction Concept Types of multilevel inverters 1.1.1.5 Simulation circuit and results 2 PSIM Simulation Practices 2.1 Introduction to PSIM 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Circuit structure 2.1.3 Software/Hardware requirement 2.1.4 Installing the program 2.1.5 Simulating a circuit 2.1.5.1 Running the simulation 2.1.6 Simulation control 2.1.6.1 PSIM tab 2.1.6.2 SPICE tab 2.1.7 Component parameter specification and format 2.2 Spice libraries 2.2.1 Creating a secondary image 2.2.2 Adding a new subcircuit element into the library 2.2.3 Adding a new DLL element into the library 2.2.3.1 Creating the DLL 2.2.3.2 Adding the new element to the PSIM library 2.2.4 Creating a symbol library 2.3 Rectifier PSIM model 2.3.1 Rectifier circuit structure 2.3.1.1 AC supply section 2.3.1.2 Diode bridge section 2.3.1.3 Filter section 2.3.1.4 Load and adding meters 2.3.2 Simulation procedure 2.3.2.1 Simulation control parameters 2.3.3 Simulation waveforms 2.3.3.1 Capacitor current 2.3.3.2 Inductor current 2.3.3.3 Load current 2.3.3.4 Source current 2.3.3.5 Source voltage and load voltage 2.3.4 Measuring power factor 2.4 IGBT thermal model 2.4.1 IGBT device in database 2.4.1.1 General information 2.4.2 IGBT loss calculation 2.4.2.1 Attributes 2.4.2.2 Conduction losses 2.4.2.3 Switching losses 2.4.3 Curve fitting with manufacturer datasheet (SEMiX151GD066HDs) 2.5 Renewable energy module 2.5.1 Solar module—physical model 2.6 Summary 2.7 Review questions 3 Basics of PSpice Simulation Tool 3.1 Introduction to PSpice 3.1.1 Nomenclature, File structure 3.1.2 Model Libraries 3.1.2.1 Model library configuration 3.1.3 Way to scrutiny 3.1.3.1 DC Sweep 3.1.3.2 Transient analysis 3.1.3.3 AC Sweep analysis 3.2 Designing and simulation of power IGBTs 3.2.1 IGBT models 3.2.2 Characteristics of IGBT 3.2.3 PSpice model of IGBT 3.3 Design and simulation of TRIAC 3.3.1 Introduction to TRIAC 3.3.2 I–V characteristics of TRIAC 3.3.3 I–V characteristics of TRIAC using PSpice 3.4 Summary 3.5 Review questions 4 Multisim 4.1 Multisim introduction 4.1.1 Menu bars 4.1.1.1 Standard toolbar 4.1.1.2 Main toolbar 4.1.1.3 Simulation toolbar 4.1.1.4 View toolbar 4.1.1.5 Elements menu bar 4.1.1.6 Graphic annotation toolbar 4.1.1.7 Instruments toolbar 4.1.2 Building blocks 4.1.3 Electrical Rule Check 4.1.4 Running simulating process 4.1.4.1 Intuitive elements 4.1.4.2 Components tolerance 4.1.4.3 Start, Pause, or Stop Simulation 4.1.4.4 Simulation Run Indicator 4.1.4.5 Speed of the simulation 4.1.5 Plotting 4.1.5.1 Grapher 4.1.5.2 Working with graphs-legends along with the grids 4.1.5.3 Cursors 4.1.5.4 Zoom and restore 4.1.5.5 Traces 4.1.6 Converters-using Multisim Model Maker 4.1.6.1 Boost converter design 4.1.6.2 Buck converter: voltage mode PWM control 4.1.6.3 Buck-boost converter: current mode PWM control 4.1.6.4 Flyback converter: voltage mode PWM control 4.1.7 Clipper and clamper design 4.1.7.1 Clamper applications circuit 4.1.7.2 Clamper applications circuit 4.1.7.3 Precision clipper 4.1.8 Filter design 4.1.8.1 First-order low-pass filter 4.1.8.2 Active bandpass filter 4.1.8.3 High-pass active filter 4.1.8.4 Basic differential amplifier 4.2 Circuits design using Multisim Model Maker 4.2.1 Amplifier design 4.2.1.1 Class-A amp 4.2.1.2 Class-AB amp 4.2.1.3 Darlington pair 4.2.1.4 Two-tier common-emitter amp 4.3 Summary 4.4 Review questions 5 Printed Circuit Board Design Tool—DesignSpark 5.1 Introduction to printed circuit board design software 5.1.1 Overview of printed circuit board design software 5.1.2 Parts of the printed circuit board 5.1.3 Printed circuit board design flow 5.1.4 Design guidelines 5.2 Printed circuit board design in DesignSpark 5.2.1 Overview of DesignSpark 5.2.2 User interface and management of DesignSpark work environment 5.2.3 Schematic capture 5.2.4 Component creation 5.2.5 Netlisting 5.2.6 Component placement 5.2.7 Wiring 5.2.8 Power and ground plane creation 5.2.9 Checking the design 5.2.10 Gerber data output for manufacturing 5.3 Sample printed circuit board design—Schmitt Trigger 5.3.1 Project creation 5.3.2 Library creation 5.3.3 Schematic design 5.3.4 Printed circuit board layout 5.3.5 Manufacturing file output 5.4 Summary 5.5 Review questions 6 Simulation of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Valves: Programmable Logic Controller 6.1 Introduction to programmable logic controller 6.1.1 Programmable logic controller and its basic structure 6.1.2 History of the programmable logic controller 6.1.3 Birth of the programmable logic controller solution 6.1.4 Programmable logic controller applications, disadvantages, and advantages 6.1.4.1 Applications 6.1.4.2 Disadvantages 6.1.4.3 Advantages 6.1.5 Major types of industrial control systems 6.1.6 Hardware components of a programmable logic controller system 6.1.6.1 Memory 6.2 Ladder logic 6.2.1 The origins of ladder logic: relay logic 6.2.2 The structure of ladder logic 6.2.3 Similarities with ladder diagrams 6.2.4 Execution of ladder logic 6.2.4.1 The logic behind the ladder 6.2.5 Ladder logic instructions: the basics 6.2.6 Examples for ladder logic 6.2.7 Normally open contact of programmable logic controller 6.2.8 Programmable logic controller timers 6.2.9 Programmable logic controller memory elements 6.2.10 Simple pneumatic examples 6.2.11 Areas of application of a programmable logic controller 6.3 Electropneumatics using programmable logic controller 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Seven basic electrical devices 6.3.3 Push-button switches 6.3.4 Limit switches 6.3.5 Pressure switches 6.3.6 Solenoids 6.3.6.1 3/2 Way single solenoid valve, spring return 6.3.6.2 5/2 Way individual solenoid valve, spring operated 6.3.7 Relays 6.3.8 Timer/time delay relays 6.3.9 Temperature switch 6.3.10 Electronic sensors 6.3.10.1 Inductive sensors 6.3.10.2 Capacitive sensors 6.3.10.3 Optical proximity sensors 6.3.10.4 Diffuse sensors 6.4 Electro pneumatics circuits 6.4.1 Control of system with timed response 6.4.2 Control of double-acting cylinder with time delay (double-solenoid) 6.4.3 Control of double-acting cylinder using timer (single solenoid) 6.4.4 Control of double-acting cylinder using electric counter with two end sensors 6.4.5 Control of double-acting cylinder using pressure switch 6.4.6 Control of double-acting cylinder using delay ON and OFF timer and counter 6.5 Summary 7 Graphical Programming Using LabVIEW for Beginners 7.1 Introduction to LabVIEW and virtual instruments 7.1.1 Front panel 7.1.2 Block diagram 7.1.3 Icon and connector pane 7.1.4 Building the front panel 7.1.4.1 Virtual instruments, and functions 7.1.4.2 Customizing the controls and functions palettes 7.1.5 Data flow model 7.1.5.1 Wires 7.1.5.2 Automatically wiring objects 7.1.5.3 Manually wiring objects 7.1.6 Programming concepts of virtual instrument 7.1.6.1 String data type 7.1.6.2 Numeric data type 7.1.6.3 Boolean data type 7.1.6.4 Dynamic data type 7.1.6.5 Arrays Creating array controls and indicators Two-dimensional arrays Initializing arrays Creating array constants Auto-indexing array inputs Array inputs Array outputs Creating two-dimensional arrays 7.1.6.6 Clusters Order of cluster elements Creating cluster controls and indicators Creating cluster constants Using cluster functions Assembling clusters Modifying a cluster Disassembling clusters Enums 7.1.7 Running and debugging virtual instruments 7.1.7.1 Finding causes for broken virtual instruments 7.1.7.2 Common causes of broken virtual instruments 7.1.7.3 Debugging techniques 7.1.7.4 Execution highlighting 7.1.7.5 Single-stepping 7.1.7.6 Probe tool 7.1.7.7 Breakpoints 7.1.7.8 Handling errors 7.1.7.9 Error clusters 7.1.7.10 Using while loops for error handling 7.1.7.11 Using case structures for error handling 7.1.8 Graphs and charts 7.1.8.1 Types of graphs and charts 7.1.8.2 Waveform graphs 7.1.8.3 Waveform charts 7.1.8.4 Waveform data type 7.1.8.5 XY graphs 7.1.8.6 Intensity graphs and charts Intensity charts Intensity graphs Using color mapping with intensity graphs and charts 7.1.8.7 Digital waveform graphs Digital waveform data type 7.1.8.8 3D graphs 7.2 LabVIEW examples 7.2.1 Introduction to basic operations Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Comparison operation’s bulb output 7.2.2 Basic mathematical operations 7.2.3 Loop functions 7.2.3.1 For loop Odd or even numbers formulation using for loop Find out if the given number is odd or even Odd Even 7.2.3.2 While loop 7.2.4 Traffic light program using LabVIEW 7.2.4.1 Red signal 7.2.4.2 Yellow signal 7.2.4.3 Green signal 7.2.5 Water level indicator 7.2.5.1 Tank empty (ordinary white bulb changed into red bulb) 7.2.5.2 Tank medium (in medium, black bulb changed into white bulb) 7.2.5.3 Tank full (at full condition green lamp changed into blue lamp) 7.2.6 Temperature indicator 7.2.6.1 Temperature at critical value 7.2.6.2 Temperature at normal condition 7.2.7 Simple calculator in LabVIEW 7.2.7.1 Addition 7.2.7.2 Subtraction 7.2.7.3 Multiplication 7.2.7.4 Division 7.3 Summary 7.4 Review questions 8 Introduction to Power Systems Computer-Aided Design 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Studies carried out using Power Systems Computer-Aided Design 8.1.2 Opening Power Systems Computer-Aided Design 8.1.2.1 Schematic tabs and ribbon control bar 8.1.2.2 Working space and Windows for message 8.1.2.3 Opening a case project 8.1.3 Carrying out simulation of circuits 8.1.4 Printing the circuit 8.2 Control and Plotting online 8.2.1 Frames in Graph 8.2.1.1 Altering X-axis attributes 8.2.1.2 Marker 8.3 Overlay 8.3.1 Poly graphs 8.3.1.1 Add graphs with graph frame 8.3.2 Overlaying graphs 8.3.2.1 Altering overlay graph attribute 8.3.3 Poly graphs 8.3.3.1 Changing poly graph attributes 8.3.4 Curves 8.3.4.1 Curve legends 8.3.4.2 Curve order 8.3.4.3 Cut/Copy/Paste an existing curve 8.3.4.4 Adjusting curve properties 8.3.5 Active trace 8.3.5.1 Style 8.3.5.2 Digital style 8.3.5.3 Changing channel settings 8.3.5.4 Synchronizing of output channel limitation with those of the graph 8.3.5.5 Curves origin from multiple occurrence modules 8.3.6 Traces 8.3.6.1 Trace drop-down menu 8.3.6.2 Modify trace attribute 8.3.7 Poly meters 8.3.7.1 ADD polymeter 8.3.7.2 Move and varying the size of a poly meter 8.3.7.3 Cut/Copy polymeter 8.3.8 Phasor meters 8.3.8.1 Adding a phasor meter 8.3.8.2 Move and varying the size of a phasor meter 8.3.8.3 “Adjust” phase angle inputs to format 8.3.9 Oscilloscopes 8.3.9.1 Addition of oscilloscope 8.3.9.2 Moving and varying the size of oscilloscope 8.3.9.3 Cut/Copy oscilloscope 8.3.9.4 Increment/decrement the overall shown period 8.3.10 XY Plots 8.3.10.1 Addition of XY plot 8.3.10.2 Move and varying the size of XY plot 8.3.10.3 Cut/Copy XY plot 8.3.10.4 Adjusting XY plot frame properties 8.3.10.5 Adjusting plot properties 8.4 Power lines and cables 8.4.1 Overhead lines erection 8.4.1.1 Constructing overhead line 8.4.1.2 Constructing OHT line (direct method) 8.4.1.3 Edit the OHT line data 8.4.2 Construction of underground cable system 8.4.2.1 Constructing a underground cable system 8.4.2.2 Altering cable data 8.4.3 Addition of a tower component 8.4.3.1 “Edit” tower attributes 8.4.4 Addition of a Cable Cross-Section constituent 8.4.4.1 “Edit” cross-section parameter 8.4.4.2 The Bergeron Model 8.4.4.3 The frequency-dependent mode 8.4.4.4 The frequency-depending (phase) mode 8.4.5 Addition of line model 8.4.5.1 Edit line parameters model 8.5 Debugging and refining the project work 8.5.1 General output window messages 8.5.2 Warning 8.5.3 Exhibiting the string Numbers 8.5.4 Showing signal place 8.5.4.1 Virtual control wires 8.5.4.2 Virtual filters wire 8.5.5 Control signal tract 8.5.6 Creating Library (*.lib) and Object (*.obj) Files 8.5.6.1 Bringing in dynamic link library (*.dll) files 8.6 Summary 8.7 Review questions 9 PVSYST 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Solar photovoltaic system 9.2.1 Types of photovoltaic system 9.2.1.1 Types of common system 9.2.2 Solar panel modulus 9.2.3 Meters along with instrumentation 9.2.4 Inverter 9.2.4.1 Method for choosing a network-associated inverter: the accompanying elements ought to be considered for a network-a... 9.2.4.2 Storage pack 9.2.4.3 Sizing storage banks 9.2.4.4 Charge controllers 9.2.4.5 Kinds of charge controller 9.3 Introduction to PVSYST 9.3.1 Case study utilizing PVSYST application 9.3.1.1 Stage 1: Project 9.3.1.2 Stage 2: Orientation 9.3.1.3 Stage 3: Systems Essential design Lopsided string design Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 9.3.1.4 Stage 4: Module Design 9.3.1.5 Stage 5: Detailed loss—mismatched 9.3.1.6 Stage 6: Simulation 9.3.1.7 Attachment A: Mismatched growth with time 9.3.1.8 Attachment B: PVSYST losses parameter 9.4 Summary 9.5 Review questions Index