Silicon Photonics

This book gives a fascinating picture of the state of the art in silicon photonics and a perspective on what can be expected in the near future. It is composed of a selected number of reviews authored by world leaders in the field and is written from both academic and industrial viewpoints. An in-depth discussion of the route towards fully integrated silicon photonics is presented. This book will be useful not only to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers but also to graduate students who are interested in the fields of microphotonics and optoelectronics. front-matter.pdf......Page 1 Introduction......Page 17 Physical Properties of Silicon......Page 22 Brillouin Zone Folding in Atomic Layer Superlattices......Page 25 Band Structure Engineering via Alloying......Page 27 Porous Silicon......Page 29 Silicon Nanocrystals......Page 33 Wells......Page 38 Wires......Page 39 Dots......Page 40 Luminescence via Impurity Centers in Silicon......Page 42 Erbium Coupled with Silicon Nanocrystals......Page 43 Silicon Based Waveguides......Page 45 Detectors......Page 47 Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits......Page 48 New Directions for Silicon Lasers......Page 49 Bulk Silicon......Page 50 Si/Ge Quantum Cascade Structures......Page 51 Terahertz Emission......Page 52 Low Dimensional Silicon Structures......Page 53 Polymers and Molecules Containing Silicon......Page 54 References......Page 55 Index......Page 67 Introduction......Page 69 Applications for Integrated Silicon Photonics......Page 71 Chip-to-Chip Applications......Page 72 Temperature Issues......Page 75 Voltage Issues......Page 76 Longer Reach Applications......Page 77 Integration......Page 78 Types of Integration......Page 79 Cost......Page 81 Performance......Page 84 Thermal Stability......Page 85 Chemical Compatibility......Page 87 Lithography......Page 88 Etching......Page 91 Yield......Page 93 Tapers......Page 95 Laser Die Alignment......Page 98 Fiber Attachment......Page 101 Summary......Page 102 References......Page 103 Index......Page 107 The Silicon Paradigm......Page 109 A Roadmap for Communication Technology......Page 110 Photonic Interconnection......Page 111 Microphotonic Integrated Circuits......Page 112 Optical Clock Signal Distribution......Page 113 Optical Waveguides......Page 115 Bends......Page 116 Air Trench Bends for Sharp Bends......Page 117 WDM Functions and Add/Drop Micro-rings......Page 119 Polarization Splitters and Rotators......Page 120 Silicon Light Sources......Page 122 Microphotonic Amplifiers and Lasers......Page 123 Index Scaling and the Design of Efficient Microphotonic Optical Amplifiers......Page 124 Compact Lasers......Page 125 Heteroepitaxial Growth of On-Chip Detectors......Page 126 Broadband High Speed Detectors......Page 127 Lightwave Circuit Integation with Photodetector......Page 129 Multichannel Design......Page 131 Photonic Band-Gap Waveguide Amplifier......Page 133 Complex Photonic Structures......Page 134 References......Page 136 Index......Page 140 Introduction......Page 142 The Electrical Intra-Chip Interconnect and Its Scaling......Page 143 The Interconnect Speed Bottleneck......Page 145 The Power Consumption, Signal Integrity and Trade-offs......Page 147 Interconnect as a Global Design Issue......Page 150 Definitions, Figures of Merit and Characterizations......Page 152 Physical Appeal of Optical Interconnect......Page 154 Fundamental Limits......Page 157 Material Limits......Page 158 Devices Limits......Page 160 Circuit Limits......Page 163 Break-even Length for Speed Performance......Page 166 Speed and Power Performance of Speed-Optimized Interconnect......Page 169 System Limits......Page 170 Architectures......Page 172 Functions......Page 175 Clock Distribution Networks......Page 176 Physical Partitioning......Page 180 Free-Space Optical Interconnect......Page 184 Alignment in Integrated Optical Circuits......Page 188 Conclusions......Page 189 Index......Page 191 Introduction......Page 193 Mechanisms of Silicon Light Emission......Page 195 Bulk Silicon LEDs......Page 198 Silicon Quantum Dot LEDs......Page 200 SiGe LEDs......Page 205 Erbium-doped Silicon LEDs......Page 206 Prospects for a Silicon-based Laser......Page 209 References......Page 211 Index......Page 215 Introduction......Page 216 Spontaneous Raman Emission......Page 218 Stimulated Raman Scattering......Page 221 Coupled-Mode Theory Analysis of Raman Scattering......Page 224 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) in Silicon......Page 226 Coupled-Mode Analysis of CARS in Silicon Waveguides......Page 227 Parametric Wavelength Converter......Page 229 Phase Matching by Dispersion Engineering in Silicon Waveguides......Page 233 Spontaneous Raman Scattering Observed in Silicon Waveguides......Page 237 Third-order Optical Nonlinearitiesin Silicon Waveguides......Page 241 Observation of Stimulated Raman Scatteringin Silicon Waveguides......Page 242 Two-Photon Absorption in Silicon Waveguides......Page 245 Demonstration of Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) in Silicon Waveguides......Page 247 Demonstration of Parametric Raman Wavelength Conversion in Silicon......Page 249 Summary......Page 251 References......Page 252 Index......Page 256 Photodetectors in Bipolar Technology......Page 257 Photodetectors in CMOS Technology......Page 258 Photodetectors in BiCMOS Technology......Page 259 Lateral PIN Photodiodes on SOI......Page 261 Double Photodiode......Page 262 Vertical PIN Photodiode......Page 263 Finger Photodiode......Page 265 OS-OEICS for DVD Applications......Page 270 Fiber Receivers......Page 278 Conclusion......Page 283 References......Page 284 Index......Page 287 Introduction......Page 288 Background......Page 289 Modes of the SOI Waveguide......Page 290 Design of Curved Waveguides......Page 291 Waveguide Birefringence Control......Page 294 Scattering Losses......Page 296 Interfacing Silicon Waveguidesto Single Mode Fibres......Page 298 Function......Page 303 PDF Control......Page 304 Example Results......Page 305 Thermooptic Effect......Page 306 Free Carrier Effects......Page 307 Pin Diode Attenuator......Page 308 References......Page 311 Index......Page 314 Introduction......Page 315 Theory of Photonic Crystals......Page 319 Maxwell's Equations in Periodic Dielectric Media......Page 320 Numerical Approaches to Find the Field Distributions......Page 321 Symmetry, Scaling and Defects......Page 322 Photonic Crystals Based on Silicon......Page 324 Silicon-Based Photonic Crystals -- An Overview......Page 325 Photonic Crystals Based on Macroporous Silicon......Page 326 Bulk 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 328 Defects in 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 334 Bulk 3-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 336 Defects in 3-Dimensional Photonic Crystals......Page 339 Conclusion and Outlook......Page 340 References......Page 341 Index......Page 343 Introduction......Page 344 Planar Waveguide WDM Components......Page 345 Arrayed Waveguide Grating Demultiplexer......Page 346 Echelle Grating Demultiplexer......Page 348 Silica Glass Waveguides on Silicon......Page 351 Silica Glass Waveguide Growth......Page 352 Losses in Silica Waveguides......Page 354 Polarization Dependent Properties of Silica Glass Waveguides......Page 355 Silicon-On-Insulator Waveguides......Page 364 Mode Control in SOI Waveguides......Page 365 Losses in SOI Waveguides......Page 368 Polarization Dependent Properties of SOI Waveguide Devices......Page 370 Summary......Page 376 References......Page 377 Index......Page 382 Introduction......Page 383 Field and Charge-Carrier Effect......Page 384 Electric Field Effects......Page 385 Charge-Carrier Effect......Page 386 Drude's Model......Page 389 Thermo-optic Effect in Crystalline Silicon......Page 390 Free-Carrier Absorption Based Modulators......Page 394 Electrical Driving Schemes......Page 398 All-Silicon Modulators......Page 400 Silicon-On-Insulator Modulators......Page 405 References......Page 410 Index......Page 414

This book gives a fascinating picture of the state-of-the-art in silicon photonics and a perspective on what can be expected in the near future. It is composed of a selected number of reviews authored by world leaders in the field and is written from both academic and industrial viewpoints. An in-depth discussion of the route towards fully integrated silicon photonics is presented. This book will be useful not only to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers but also to graduate students who are interested in the fields of microphotonics and optoelectronics.

"This book gives a picture of the state-of-the-art in silicon photonics and a perspective on what can be expected in the near future. It is composed of a selected number of reviews authored by world leaders in the field and is written from both academic and industrial viewpoints. An in-depth discussion of the route towards fully integrated silicon photonics is presented. This book will be useful not only to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers but also to graduate students who are interested in the fields of microphotonics and optoelectronics."--BOOK JACKET