Silicon Light-Emitting Diodes and Lasers: Photon Breeding Devices using Dressed Photons (Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics)

This book focuses on a novel phenomenon named photon breeding. It is applied to realizing light-emitting diodes and lasers made of indirect-transition-type silicon bulk crystals in which the light-emission principle is based on dressed photons. After presenting physical pictures of dressed photons and dressed-photon phonons, the principle of light emission by using dressed-photon phonons is reviewed. A novel phenomenon named photon breeding is also reviewed. Next, the fabrication and operation of light emitting diodes and lasers are described The role of coherent phonons in these devices is discussed. Finally, light-emitting diodes using other relevant crystals are described and other relevant devices are also reviewed. Preface 6 Contents 8 1 Problems with Light Emitting Devices and Their Solutions 11 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Dressed Photons and Dressed-Photon--Phonons 12 1.3 Principles of Photon Emission 16 1.3.1 Single-Step De-Excitation 16 1.3.2 Two-Step De-Excitation 17 1.4 Photon Breeding 18 1.5 Fabrication and Performance of Photon Breeding Devices 20 1.5.1 Fabrication 20 1.5.2 Spatial Distribution of the Dopant Atoms 21 1.5.3 Performance 21 1.5.4 Family of Photon Breeding Devices 22 References 22 2 Visible Light Emitting Diodes Using Silicon Crystal 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Device Fabrication 25 2.3 Device Operation 28 2.4 Increasing the Light Extraction Efficiency 31 References 36 3 Infrared Light Emitting Diodes Using Silicon Crystal 37 3.1 Device Fabrication 37 3.2 Device Operation 39 3.3 Spatial Distribution of Boron 43 3.4 Polarization Control 47 References 50 4 Contribution and Control of Coherent Phonons 51 4.1 Strength of Phonon Coupling 51 4.2 Contribution of the Multimode Coherent Phonons 55 4.3 Control of Light Emission Spectral Profile 59 4.3.1 Principle of Control 59 4.3.2 Evaluation of Light Emission Spectrum 64 4.3.3 Control of Spatial Distribution of Boron 69 References 70 5 Infrared Lasers Using Silicon Crystal 72 5.1 Basic Devices 72 5.2 Decreasing the Threshold Current Density 77 5.3 Evaluation of Optical Amplification Quantities 81 5.4 Novel Devices with High Output Optical Power 84 References 88 6 Light Emitting Diodes Using Silicon Carbide Crystal 90 6.1 Basic Light Emitting Diodes 90 6.2 Green Light Emitting Diodes 94 6.3 Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes 98 6.4 Broad-Spectral-Width Light Emitting Diodes 104 References 108 7 Light Emitting Diodes Fabricated Using Other Crystals 109 7.1 Using a Gallium Phosphor Crystal 109 7.1.1 Fabrication and Operation 110 7.1.2 Changing the Barrier Height with an Applied External Field 114 7.1.3 Optimum Condition for DPP-Assisted Annealing 117 7.2 Using a Zinc Oxide Crystal 119 References 124 8 Other Devices 126 8.1 Optical and Electrical Relaxation Oscillator 126 8.2 Infrared Photodetector with Optical Amplification 131 8.3 Polarization Rotator 137 8.3.1 Devices Using ZnO Crystal 137 8.3.2 Devices Using SiC Crystal 140 References 142 Appendix A Physical Picture of Dressed Photons 144 Appendix B Range of Interaction Mediated by Dressed Photons 151 Appendix C Coupling Dressed Photons and Phonons 166 Appendix D Photon Absorption and Emission Via Dressed Photon--Phonons 181 Appendix E Two-Level System Model 185 Index 188 Front Matter....Pages i-ix Problems with Light Emitting Devices and Their Solutions....Pages 1-13 Visible Light Emitting Diodes Using Silicon Crystal....Pages 15-27 Infrared Light Emitting Diodes Using Silicon Crystal....Pages 29-42 Contribution and Control of Coherent Phonons....Pages 43-63 Infrared Lasers Using Silicon Crystal....Pages 65-82 Light Emitting Diodes Using Silicon Carbide Crystal....Pages 83-101 Light Emitting Diodes Fabricated Using Other Crystals....Pages 103-119 Other Devices....Pages 121-138 Back Matter....Pages 139-192