Sharing Ecosystem Services: Building More Sustainable and Resilient Society (Science for Sustainable Societies)

Using "the sharing paradigm" as a guiding concept, this book demonstrates that "sharing" has much greater potential to make rural society resilient, sustainable and inclusive through enriching all four sharing dimensions: informal, mediated, communal and commercial sharing. The chapters are divided into two parts, one that focuses on case studies of the sharing ecosystem services in Japan, the other on case studies from around the world including in the regions of Africa, Asia-Pacific, South America and Europe. Reflecting the recent growing attention to sharing concept and its application to economic and urban context, this publication explores opportunities and challenges to build more resilient and sustainable society in harmony with nature by critical examination of sharing practices in rural landscapes and seascapes around the world. This book introduces not only traditional communal and non-market sharing practices in different rural areas, but also new forms of sharing through integration of traditional practices and modern science and technologies. Contents 6 Chapter 1: What and How Are We Sharing? The Academic Landscape of the Sharing Paradigm and Practices: Objectives and Organization of the Book 8 1.1 Introduction: Emergence of Sharing Economy and Sharing Studies 9 1.2 The Academic Landscape of the Sharing Paradigm and Practices 11 1.3 Sharing Ecosystem Services and Shared/Social Values 15 1.3.1 Ecosystem Services and Nature’s Contributions to People 15 1.3.2 “Sharing” Concepts in IPBES Regional Assessments 18 1.3.3 Sharing Ecosystem Services and Shared/Social Values of Ecosystem Services 19 1.4 Objectives and Organization of the Book 20 References 23 Chapter 2: Home-Based Food Provision and Social Capital in Japan 27 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Methods 30 2.2.1 Nationwide Web Questionnaire Survey 30 2.2.2 Characteristics of Municipality 30 2.2.3 Variety, Quantity, and Economic Value of Non-market Food 32 2.2.4 Analysis 33 2.3 Results 33 2.4 Discussion 36 2.5 Conclusion 37 References 38 Chapter 3: Food Provisioning Services Via Homegardens and Communal Sharing in Satoyama Socio-ecological Production Landscapes on Japan’s Noto Peninsula 40 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Materials and Methods 42 3.2.1 Study Site 42 3.2.2 Sampling and Data Collection 44 3.2.3 Measures 44 3.2.4 Analysis 46 3.3 Results 46 3.3.1 Quantity and Variety of Non-market Food 46 3.3.2 Sharing Partners 48 3.3.3 Economic Value of Non-market Food 49 3.4 Discussion 50 3.5 Conclusion 54 References 57 Chapter 4: Non-market Food Provisioning Services on Hachijo Island, Japan, and Its Implications for Building a Resilient Island 59 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 Study Area and Methods 62 4.2.1 Study Area 62 4.2.2 Methods 64 4.2.2.1 First Survey 64 4.2.2.2 Second Survey 65 Interview Survey 65 Questionnaire Survey 66 4.3 Results 70 4.3.1 Sample Composition 70 4.3.1.1 First Survey 70 4.3.1.2 Second Survey 70 4.3.2 Location and the Means of Purchasing Food and Daily Necessities Including Internet Shopping 71 4.3.3 Household Items and Appliances 71 4.3.4 Non-market Food 71 4.3.4.1 Food Grown in Home Gardens and/or Harvested by Households 71 4.3.4.2 Food Received from Others 74 4.3.4.3 Structure of Food-Sharing Network 75 4.3.4.4 Proportion of Market and Non-market Food 76 4.3.4.5 Food Distribution Channels by Food Categories 80 4.3.4.6 Monetary Savings and Caloric Value of Non-market Food 81 4.3.4.7 Daily Nutrient Intake of Non-market Food 82 4.3.5 Relationship Between Non-market Food and Preparedness for Extreme Events 82 4.4 Discussion: Implications for Building More Resilient Islands 83 4.5 Conclusions 87 References 88 Chapter 5: Sharing Experiences and Associated Knowledge in the Changing Waterscape: An Intergenerational Sharing Program in Mikatagoko Area, Japan 91 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 The Painting by Children of the Past Waterscape Program 94 5.2.1 Outline of the Program 94 5.2.2 Information Collectable from the Program 96 5.2.3 How Experiences and Knowledge Are Transferred in the Program 99 5.3 Shared Experiences and Knowledge by the Program 102 5.3.1 Shared Experiences and Knowledge 102 5.3.2 Painting by Children of the Past Waterscape 107 5.3.3 Children’s Impressions After the Sharing of Experiences and Knowledge 111 5.4 Extending the Sharing of Experiences and Knowledge 112 5.4.1 Web-Based Geographic Information System for Further Sharing 112 5.4.2 Workshop for Further Sharing 113 5.5 Discussion 115 5.5.1 What the Shared Experiences and Knowledge Mean 115 5.5.2 What the Sharing of Experiences and Knowledge Means 117 References 118 Chapter 6: Sustaining Diverse Knowledge Systems in SEPLs: Sharing Tacit Knowledge of Apiculture and Mushroom Production with Future Generations 120 6.1 Introduction 121 6.1.1 Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) 123 6.1.2 Traditional Knowledge (TK) 124 6.2 Materials and Methods 126 6.2.1 Case Study on Apiculture 126 6.2.1.1 Research Site 126 6.2.1.2 Methods 128 6.2.2 Case Study on Shiitake Mushroom Production 128 6.2.2.1 Research Site 128 6.2.2.2 Methods 130 6.3 Results 130 6.3.1 Apiculture in Nagano 130 6.3.2 Shiitake Mushroom Production in Ishikawa 132 6.4 Discussion 134 6.5 Conclusion 135 References 136 Chapter 7: Can New and Traditional Sharing Practices Be Integrated? The Case of Use of Natural Resources in Palau, Micronesia 140 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Method 142 7.2.1 Study Area 142 7.2.2 Survey Method 144 7.2.2.1 Status Quo and Changes of Natural Resource Use Over 10 Years 145 7.2.2.2 Collection of Medicinal Herbs for Ritual Ceremonies 146 7.3 Result 146 7.3.1 Traditional Sharing Practices and Ecosystem Services 146 7.3.2 Status Quo of and Changes in Natural Resource Use Over 10 Years 149 7.3.2.1 Comparison of Frequency of Subsistence Activities 149 Urban or Rural 149 Use of Digital Devices and the Internet 150 Changes over Time 150 7.3.3 Collection of Medicinal Herbs for Ritual Ceremonies 153 7.4 Discussion 155 7.4.1 Continuity of Subsistence Activity 155 7.4.2 Coexistence of New Digital Technology and Traditional Lifestyles 156 7.4.3 Contemporary Value of Traditional Sharing Practices for Climate Resilience 157 7.4.4 Bridging the Gap Between the New Sharing Phenomenon and Traditional Sharing Practices 158 7.5 Conclusion 158 References 159 Chapter 8: Solidarity Economy in Brazil: Towards Institutionalization of Sharing and Agroecological Practices 161 8.1 Introduction 162 8.2 Solidarity Economy in Brazil: The National Context 164 8.2.1 The Emergence of Solidarity Economy in Harmony with Nature 165 8.3 Agroecology and Sharing Practices 166 8.4 The Program of Food Acquisition (PAA) 168 8.4.1 The Campinas Experience 169 8.4.2 The Challenge 170 8.5 The Amazon Agroforestry 170 8.5.1 Institutionalizing Agroforestry Systems in the Amazon 171 8.5.2 The Tomé-Açu Experience 172 8.6 Discussion 174 8.7 Conclusions 176 References 178 Chapter 9: Sharing Knowledge and Value for Nurturing Socioecological Production Landscapes: A Case of Payment for Ecosystem Services in Rejoso Watershed, Indonesia 181 9.1 Introduction 182 9.2 Payment for Ecosystem Services 184 9.3 Reverse Auction 185 9.4 Rejoso Watershed: A Production Landscape Providing Watershed Services 186 9.5 Method 189 9.6 Result 191 9.7 Payment for Ecosystem Services and Sharing Paradigm: A Discussion on Future Potential 193 9.8 Conclusion 196 References 196 Chapter 10: Sharing Place: A Case Study on the Loss of Peri-urban Landscape to Urbanization in India 199 10.1 Introduction 200 10.2 Study Area 202 10.2.1 Development of New Town, Rajarhat 203 10.3 Data Collection and Analysis 206 10.4 Results and Discussions 206 10.4.1 Demographic and Livelihood Characteristics 206 10.4.2 Changes in Sharing of Home Garden Produce 207 10.4.3 Sharing of Place and Its Perceived Impact 209 10.5 Conclusion 212 References 213 Chapter 11: Cow Sharing and Alpine Ecosystems: A Comparative Case Study of Sharing Practices and Property Rights 216 11.1 European Alpine Agroecosystems and Their Services 217 11.2 Conceptualization of Sharing Concepts and Property Rights 219 11.2.1 Conceptualizing Sharing 219 11.2.2 Sharing Property Rights 220 11.3 Material and Methods for the Comparative Cow-Sharing Analysis 221 11.3.1 Case Selection Criteria, Data Mapping and Database 222 11.4 Cow-Sharing Arrangements and Their Underlying Motivations 223 11.5 Types of Cow-Sharing Arrangements 225 11.5.1 Group I Exchange-Focused Cow-Sharing Arrangements 226 11.5.2 Group II Crowding Arrangements 227 11.5.3 Cow Sharing Within the Sharing Paradigm 227 11.6 Cow Sharing and Ecosystem Services 228 11.7 Conclusions 231 Appendix: Characteristics of Investigated Cow-Sharing Arrangements 231 References 232 Chapter 12: Synthesis: Can Sharing Enhance the Sustainability and Resilience of Our Society? 234 12.1 Summary of the Case Studies in This Book 235 12.2 How Can a Sharing Society Improve Sustainability and Resilience 247 12.3 Transformation Approaches Toward Co-designing Sustainable and Resilient Future 258 12.3.1 Combining Traditional Knowledge and Scientific Knowledge/Technologies 258 12.3.2 Coexistence of Market and Nonmarket Sharing Mechanisms 259 12.3.3 New Normative Metrics for Measuring Multiple Values of Sharing 260 12.4 Afterword 263 References 264 Contents......Page 6 Chapter 1: What and How Are We Sharing? The Academic Landscape of the Sharing Paradigm and Practices: Objectives and Organization of the Book......Page 8 1.1 Introduction: Emergence of Sharing Economy and Sharing Studies......Page 9 1.2 The Academic Landscape of the Sharing Paradigm and Practices......Page 11 1.3.1 Ecosystem Services and Nature’s Contributions to People......Page 15 1.3.2 “Sharing” Concepts in IPBES Regional Assessments......Page 18 1.3.3 Sharing Ecosystem Services and Shared/Social Values of Ecosystem Services......Page 19 1.4 Objectives and Organization of the Book......Page 20 References......Page 23 Chapter 2: Home-Based Food Provision and Social Capital in Japan......Page 27 2.1 Introduction......Page 28 2.2.2 Characteristics of Municipality......Page 30 2.2.3 Variety, Quantity, and Economic Value of Non-market Food......Page 32 2.3 Results......Page 33 2.4 Discussion......Page 36 2.5 Conclusion......Page 37 References......Page 38 Chapter 3: Food Provisioning Services Via Homegardens and Communal Sharing in Satoyama Socio-ecological Production Landscapes on Japan’s Noto Peninsula......Page 40 3.1 Introduction......Page 41 3.2.1 Study Site......Page 42 3.2.3 Measures......Page 44 3.3.1 Quantity and Variety of Non-market Food......Page 46 3.3.2 Sharing Partners......Page 48 3.3.3 Economic Value of Non-market Food......Page 49 3.4 Discussion......Page 50 3.5 Conclusion......Page 54 References......Page 57 Chapter 4: Non-market Food Provisioning Services on Hachijo Island, Japan, and Its Implications for Building a Resilient Island......Page 59 4.1 Introduction......Page 60 4.2.1 Study Area......Page 62 4.2.2.1 First Survey......Page 64 Interview Survey......Page 65 Questionnaire Survey......Page 66 4.3.1.2 Second Survey......Page 70 4.3.4.1 Food Grown in Home Gardens and/or Harvested by Households......Page 71 4.3.4.2 Food Received from Others......Page 74 4.3.4.3 Structure of Food-Sharing Network......Page 75 4.3.4.4 Proportion of Market and Non-market Food......Page 76 4.3.4.5 Food Distribution Channels by Food Categories......Page 80 4.3.4.6 Monetary Savings and Caloric Value of Non-market Food......Page 81 4.3.5 Relationship Between Non-market Food and Preparedness for Extreme Events......Page 82 4.4 Discussion: Implications for Building More Resilient Islands......Page 83 4.5 Conclusions......Page 87 References......Page 88 Chapter 5: Sharing Experiences and Associated Knowledge in the Changing Waterscape: An Intergenerational Sharing Program in Mikatagoko Area, Japan......Page 91 5.1 Introduction......Page 92 5.2.1 Outline of the Program......Page 94 5.2.2 Information Collectable from the Program......Page 96 5.2.3 How Experiences and Knowledge Are Transferred in the Program......Page 99 5.3.1 Shared Experiences and Knowledge......Page 102 5.3.2 Painting by Children of the Past Waterscape......Page 107 5.3.3 Children’s Impressions After the Sharing of Experiences and Knowledge......Page 111 5.4.1 Web-Based Geographic Information System for Further Sharing......Page 112 5.4.2 Workshop for Further Sharing......Page 113 5.5.1 What the Shared Experiences and Knowledge Mean......Page 115 5.5.2 What the Sharing of Experiences and Knowledge Means......Page 117 References......Page 118 Chapter 6: Sustaining Diverse Knowledge Systems in SEPLs: Sharing Tacit Knowledge of Apiculture and Mushroom Production with Future Generations......Page 120 6.1 Introduction......Page 121 6.1.1 Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs)......Page 123 6.1.2 Traditional Knowledge (TK)......Page 124 6.2.1.1 Research Site......Page 126 6.2.2.1 Research Site......Page 128 6.3.1 Apiculture in Nagano......Page 130 6.3.2 Shiitake Mushroom Production in Ishikawa......Page 132 6.4 Discussion......Page 134 6.5 Conclusion......Page 135 References......Page 136 Chapter 7: Can New and Traditional Sharing Practices Be Integrated? The Case of Use of Natural Resources in Palau, Micronesia......Page 140 7.1 Introduction......Page 141 7.2.1 Study Area......Page 142 7.2.2 Survey Method......Page 144 7.2.2.1 Status Quo and Changes of Natural Resource Use Over 10 Years......Page 145 7.3.1 Traditional Sharing Practices and Ecosystem Services......Page 146 Urban or Rural......Page 149 Changes over Time......Page 150 7.3.3 Collection of Medicinal Herbs for Ritual Ceremonies......Page 153 7.4.1 Continuity of Subsistence Activity......Page 155 7.4.2 Coexistence of New Digital Technology and Traditional Lifestyles......Page 156 7.4.3 Contemporary Value of Traditional Sharing Practices for Climate Resilience......Page 157 7.5 Conclusion......Page 158 References......Page 159 Chapter 8: Solidarity Economy in Brazil: Towards Institutionalization of Sharing and Agroecological Practices......Page 161 8.1 Introduction......Page 162 8.2 Solidarity Economy in Brazil: The National Context......Page 164 8.2.1 The Emergence of Solidarity Economy in Harmony with Nature......Page 165 8.3 Agroecology and Sharing Practices......Page 166 8.4 The Program of Food Acquisition (PAA)......Page 168 8.4.1 The Campinas Experience......Page 169 8.5 The Amazon Agroforestry......Page 170 8.5.1 Institutionalizing Agroforestry Systems in the Amazon......Page 171 8.5.2 The Tomé-Açu Experience......Page 172 8.6 Discussion......Page 174 8.7 Conclusions......Page 176 References......Page 178 Chapter 9: Sharing Knowledge and Value for Nurturing Socioecological Production Landscapes: A Case of Payment for Ecosystem Services in Rejoso Watershed, Indonesia......Page 181 9.1 Introduction......Page 182 9.2 Payment for Ecosystem Services......Page 184 9.3 Reverse Auction......Page 185 9.4 Rejoso Watershed: A Production Landscape Providing Watershed Services......Page 186 9.5 Method......Page 189 9.6 Result......Page 191 9.7 Payment for Ecosystem Services and Sharing Paradigm: A Discussion on Future Potential......Page 193 References......Page 196 Chapter 10: Sharing Place: A Case Study on the Loss of Peri-urban Landscape to Urbanization in India......Page 199 10.1 Introduction......Page 200 10.2 Study Area......Page 202 10.2.1 Development of New Town, Rajarhat......Page 203 10.4.1 Demographic and Livelihood Characteristics......Page 206 10.4.2 Changes in Sharing of Home Garden Produce......Page 207 10.4.3 Sharing of Place and Its Perceived Impact......Page 209 10.5 Conclusion......Page 212 References......Page 213 Chapter 11: Cow Sharing and Alpine Ecosystems: A Comparative Case Study of Sharing Practices and Property Rights......Page 216 11.1 European Alpine Agroecosystems and Their Services......Page 217 11.2.1 Conceptualizing Sharing......Page 219 11.2.2 Sharing Property Rights......Page 220 11.3 Material and Methods for the Comparative Cow-Sharing Analysis......Page 221 11.3.1 Case Selection Criteria, Data Mapping and Database......Page 222 11.4 Cow-Sharing Arrangements and Their Underlying Motivations......Page 223 11.5 Types of Cow-Sharing Arrangements......Page 225 11.5.1 Group I Exchange-Focused Cow-Sharing Arrangements......Page 226 11.5.3 Cow Sharing Within the Sharing Paradigm......Page 227 11.6 Cow Sharing and Ecosystem Services......Page 228 Appendix: Characteristics of Investigated Cow-Sharing Arrangements......Page 231 References......Page 232 Chapter 12: Synthesis: Can Sharing Enhance the Sustainability and Resilience of Our Society?......Page 234 12.1 Summary of the Case Studies in This Book......Page 235 12.2 How Can a Sharing Society Improve Sustainability and Resilience......Page 247 12.3.1 Combining Traditional Knowledge and Scientific Knowledge/Technologies......Page 258 12.3.2 Coexistence of Market and Nonmarket Sharing Mechanisms......Page 259 12.3.3 New Normative Metrics for Measuring Multiple Values of Sharing......Page 260 12.4 Afterword......Page 263 References......Page 264