Shaping smart mobility futures : governance and policy instruments in times of sustainability transitions

Smart mobility includes automation, shared mobility services and other new forms of mobility made possible by digital technologies. This book argues that smart mobility will only be developed in a desired direction and fulfil global sustainability goals if it is steered in that direction. There is a vast body of literature on public policy and policy instruments, and there are many different conceptualisations and categorisations. Applying an open and broad approach, whereby a variety of policy instruments that are used to govern smart mobility are introduced and discussed, this book is ideal for both professionals and researchers. The book is organised into three parts: the first part explores why there is a need for policy instruments in relation to smart mobility, the second part examines how policy instruments are chosen and developed, and the third part explores what policy instruments are doing and what smart mobility is doing to them. Of the policy instruments used today, many focus on producing knowledge for governments and thereby making smart mobility governable. Because of the difficulties with implementing policy instruments that make the transport sector more sustainable, the book concludes by discussing in which ways citizen deliberation can breathe new life into the debate. Half Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Contributors About the Contributors Preface Chapter 1-Smart Mobility and Policy Instruments: Broadened Definitions and Critical Understandings Introduction A Need for Governance? What is a Policy Instrument? Policy Instruments Used to Govern Transport Towards a Broader Understanding The Limits of Policy Instruments Outline of the Book Conclusions References Part I Chapter 2-Steering Smart Mobility Services: Governance and Accountability Challenges for English Local Authorities Potential Benefits and Risks of Smart Mobility Steering Smart Mobility and Local Accountability Arrangements Local Transport Governance in England Participant Selection and Interviews Smart Mobility Developments in England Findings and Discussion Future Accountability Regimes Accountability Barriers Conclusions: Need for a Rebalanced Narrative and Focussed Action References Chapter 3-The Impacts of Automated Vehicles on the Transport System and How to Create Policies that Target Sustainable Development Goals Introduction Definitions and Methods Definitions Literature Search Causal Loop Diagrams Background Literature on Impacts and Needs for Policy Instruments Freight Transport. Automated vehicles in freight transport are most likely to first be used for long-haulage transport on highways and for industrial transport flows (Flämig, 2016; International Transport Forum, 2017; Kristoffersson & Pernestål Brenden, 2 Summary of needs for Policy Instruments A CLD for Driverless Assenger and Freight Transport Analysis of the CLD Discussion Reflections from a Sustainability Perspective CLD as a Collaboration Tool Conclusions References Part II Chapter 4-Crafting Effective Policy Instruments for ‘Smart Mobility’: Can Multi-level Governance Deliver? Introduction What is MLG and Why Does it Matter? (Dis)advantages of MLG Delegation, Gaming and the Tactics of Policy Making in MLG How will New Policy Instruments ‘Test’ MLG Arrangements? What Policies Need to be Aligned to Enable Smart Mobility? Case Study Policy Instruments Transport Taxation and Pricing Roadspace Allocation Conclusions References Chapter 5-Planning Urban Futures for Autonomous and Shared Vehicles: The Role of Planning Support Tools as a Policy Instrument Introduction Approach ‘Smart’ Mobility Knowledge and Limitations of Modelling Analyses Smart Mobility ‘Knowledge’ Limitations of these PSTs to Policy-makers Data, Inputs, and Model Design Trip Purpose and Demography Geographic Variation Network Capacity Assumptions Modal Shares and Impact on Public Transport Transport Demand, Location, and Induced Demand The Roles for Other PSTs in Shaping ‘Smart’ Urban Futures Conclusions References Chapter 6-Challenges for Government as Facilitator and Umpire of Innovation in Urban Transport: The View from Australia Introduction Research Approach Findings Private Sector Perspectives The necessity for regulation? The difficulties of regulating in an environment in which new developments are constantly occurring were acknowledged by all respondents. It was not clear how the emphasis, noted by Hensher (2017), on offering the lowest pric Maintaining the public good in an atmosphere of partnership – co-production. ­Interviewees, both public and private, understood that partnership between the government and the industry was inevitable given private sector control of technological innovati Where to Now? References Chapter 7-Experimental Governance of Smart Mobility: Some Normative Implications Introduction A Policy Instrumentation Perspective on Experimental Governance Part I: Experimental Governance as a Policy Instrument – Promoting Smart Mobility in Sweden The Need for Extraordinary Solutions Learning by ‘Doing’ The Necessity of Collaboration Part II: Experimental Governance as a Policy Instrument – Normative Implications and the Role of Public Values The Need for Exceptional Solutions – Some Normative Implications Learning by doing – Some Normative Implications Collaboration – Some Normative Implications Concluding Remarks References Part III Chapter 8-Smart Mobility as a Catalyst for Policy Change Towards Low Carbon Mobility? Introduction Policy and Policy Instruments Catalysts for Policy Change Smart Mobility as an Exogenous Shock? Smart Mobility as Policy Instrument(s) for Endogenous Change Conclusion References Chapter 9-Is Governing Capacity Undermined? Policy Instruments in Smart Mobility Futures Introduction Analytical Approach Categorisations of Current Policy Instruments Nodality Nodality refers to the characteristic of being at the centre. A node is the place where several information channels are crossed and by being in this strategic hub, the state can effectively obtain and disseminate information. Through its nodalit Authority The state’s authority is based on its ability to require, prohibit, guarantee or permit certain actions. These legally based forms of instruments can be used when the state wants to be sure of achieving a certain effect. At the same time, author Treasure The state also has the resource of interchangeable property, which primarily entails money. This resource can be used to obtain information, to buy goods or services, to support specific groups as a reward for encouraging certain activities or to Organisation This resource includes the state’s competence and capacity. It refers to the composition of buildings, equipment and individuals that the state can make use of (Hood & Margetts, 2007, chapter 5). We have found four different categories within Governing Capacity in Smart Mobility Futures Individualism: The Transport System Still Centres Around the Private Car Increased Competition for Nodality. In this scenario, the state’s capacity to govern through mutual dialogue in social networks will likely not change substantially compared to today; nevertheless, there is a chance that the composition of network members Fees and Legal Compliance Increase Capacity of Authority. The scenario presents a future with more car traffic which means that the governing capacity for taxes and fees related to ownership and use of cars generally increases. The design of the vehicle t The Need for Road Investments Increases the Capacity of Treasure. In this scenario, there is no indication that infrastructure investments would be less important than today. However, different types of infrastructure investments will likely have differen A Reactive Organisation with Decreased Capacity. Due to far-reaching individualism and a reduced state mandate in the transport system, we find it likely that the governing capacity of the scope and structure of the state will change. The scenario present Sharing Economy: The Breakthrough of Shared Mobility Nodality is Favoured by Positive Attitudes Towards Sharing Information. As in the previous scenario, it is likely that mutual dialogue in social networks will be affected in terms of altered network members and subject areas discussed, for example, MaaS p Authority Increases but Fees Become Less Important. In this scenario, the governing capacity for taxes and fees in the transport system will likely change. With relatively few privately owned cars and a reduction in the number of kilometres driven, the go Increased Demand for Road Capacity Strengthens Treasure-based Governing Capacity. In a future with increased concentration of traffic to urban environments, it is likely that the governing capacity of infrastructure investments will be somewhat lower tha A Proactive and Decentralised Organisation with Increased Capacity. This scenario suggests a stronger state mandate in the transport system, which we expect will increase the governing capacity of the scope and structure of the state. In contrast to the p Conclusions References Chapter 10-Micromobility – Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities Introduction E-scooter Regulation Market failure. While volumes of books and textbooks address market failures and their causes and remedies, we focus here on what appears to be pertinent to e-scooter regulation. This includes externalities, economies of scale and unfair competition. Use of public space. Across the Western world, commercial use of public space is regulated in one way or another. Although e-scooters may operate in a regulatory no man’s land, as they fall into the categories of both bicycle and commercial service, few e Societal goals. Beyond the need to address market failures, there are wider political and societal goals of relevance for e-scooter regulation. These goals are related to transport as well as to other policy areas. The most urgent transport-related matter ... And Why Maintain a Hands-off Approach Policy Instruments and Regulatory Tools Discussion Conclusions References Chapter 11-Smart Public Transport in Rural Areas: Prospects, Challenges and Policy Needs Introduction The Need for Public Transport in Rural Areas Challenges and Solutions for Public Transport in Rural Areas ICT and AVs as a Solution to Public Transport in Rural Areas? ICT and Rural Public Transport AVs and Rural Public Transport Policy Suggestions for New Solutions to Public Transport in Rural Areas Organisational Changes and Removal of Regulatory Barriers to Integrate Different Services User-centred Design of Public Transport Services in Rural Areas Pilot Schemes to Test AVs for Public Transport in Rural Areas Conclusions References Conclusions Governance and Citizen Participation in Shaping Futures of Smart Mobility Introduction Why is there a Need for Policy Instruments? How are Policy Instruments Developed? What are Policy Instruments Doing and What Do Smart Mobility Do to Them? From Rulers to Ruled: Governance in a New Light References Index