Settlement and Land Use on the Periphery : The Bouros-Kastri Peninsula, Southern Euboia

The Bouros-Kastri peninsula at the south-eastern tip of the Greek island of Euboia has previously been overlooked in the archaeological literature. This survey by the Southern Euboea Exploration Project, conducted under the aegis of the Canadian Institute in Greece, now provides a wealth of intriguing information about fluctuations in long-term use and habitation in this part of the Karystia. While the peninsula is agriculturally poor, its coast is blessed with several small coastal inlets and one important ancient port, Geraistos. These provide access to vital maritime routes and connect the peninsula to Athens and other Aegean ports. The survey revealed modest use of the peninsula during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age; it was then virtually abandoned for the following two and a half millennia. Occupation resumed in the Late Archaic–Early Classical period, followed by near desertion in the 3rd century BC of all but some coastal sites, a resurgence of activity in the Late Roman period, and modest use in Byzantine and Ottoman times. The authors analyse the ways in which the peninsula's use was connected to that of the main urban centre at Karystos, and how the peninsula and the greater Karystia were integrated into the political, economic, and cultural spheres of Athens and the broader region. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Previous Research by SEEP in the Karystia Archaeological Work on the Bouros-Kastri Peninsula Goals and Scope of the Bouros-Kastri Survey Chapter 2: Topography, Geology, and Tectonics Topography Geology and Tectonics of Southern Euboia Geomorphology Tectonics, Sea-Level Changes, and Palaeoclimates Paleozoic–Mesozoic Bedrock Cenozoic Rocks and Sediments Soils Natural Resources Natural Hazards Chapter 3: Chronological Overview of the Karystia Prehistory Late Neolithic Final Neolithic Early Bronze Age Middle Bronze Age Late Bronze Age Historical Periods Early Iron Age Classical Hellenistic to Middle Roman Late Roman Byzantine Tourkokratia and Modern Chapter 4: Settlement and Land Use on the Bouros-Kastri Peninsula Procedural Considerations Field Methodology Sample Size, Sources of Bias, and Chronology Site Function and Typology Prehistoric Period Geometric to Early Hellenistic Period Description of Sites and Findspots by Area Summary and Conclusions Middle Hellenistic through Middle Roman Periods Description of Sites Summary and Conclusions Late Roman Period Description of Sites Summary and Conclusions Byzantine to Modern Period Undated Sites Chapter 5: Analysis of Artifacts Prehistoric Pottery Final Neolithic Early Bronze Age Prehistoric Stone Tool Assemblages Component A, Component A' Component B Component C Dating of the Components Historic Pottery Greek and Roman Fabrics Local Pottery: The Akrotiri Cooking Assemblage Other Local Cooking Pottery Local Pottery: Coarse Ware Transport Amphoras Roman Plain and Cooking Ware Byzantine Pottery Modern Pottery Chapter 6: Summary and Final Thoughts Gazetteer of Sites and Findspots Bibliography Index The Bouros-Kastri peninsula at the southeastern tip of the Greek island of Euboia has previously been overlooked in the archaeological literature. Survey by the Southern Euboea Exploration Project, conducted under the aegis of the Canadian Institute in Greece, now provides a wealth of intriguing information about fluctuations in long-term use and habitation of this part of the Karystia. While the peninsula is agriculturally poor, its coast is blessed with several small coastal inlets and one important ancient port, Geraistos. These provide access to vital maritime routes and connect the peninsula to Athens and other Aegean ports. The survey revealed modest use of the peninsula during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age; it was then virtually abandoned for the following two and a half millennia. Occupation resumed in the Late Archaic–Early Classical period, followed by near desertion in the 3rd century BC of all but some coastal sites, a resurgence of activity in the Late Roman period, and modest use in Byzantine and Ottoman times. The authors analyze the ways in which the peninsula’s use was connected to that of the main urban center at Karystos, and how the peninsula and the greater Karystia were integrated into the political, economic, and cultural spheres of Athens and the broader region. Cover 1 Copyright Page 4 Dedication 5 Contents Page 7 List of Figures 11 Abbreviations 14 Acknowledgments 15 Introduction 17 Previous Research by SEEP in the Karystia 17 Archaeological Work on the Bouros-Kastri Peninsula 20 Goals and Scope of the Bouros-Kastri Survey 21 Figure 1. General map showing Euboia and the Bouros-Kastri peninsula in relation to eastern Greece and the Aegean (R. M. Seifried). 18 Figure 2. Aerial view of southern Euboia showing the Paximadi and Bouros-Kastri peninsulas (ESRI World Imagery). 19 Figure 3. Map of southern Euboia showing the Paximadi and Bouros-Kastri peninsulas and major sites noted in the text (R. M. Seifried). 19 Figure 4. Survey projects in southern Euboia (R. M. Seifried). 20 Figure 5. Roads from encroaching development on the Bouros-Kastri peninsula, with location of site 24 indicated (J. M. Wickens). 22 Figure 6. Topography of southern Euboia (SRTM1 elevation data from USGS-EROS) (R. M. Seifried). 25 Figure 7. Top: Topography of the Bouros-Kastri peninsula (elevation data from 1:5000 topographic maps from the Hellenic Military Geographical Service) (R. M. Seifried). Bottom: Modern place names on the Bouros-Kastri peninsula (R. M. Seifried). 26 Figure 8. View to Bouros bay from the northeast, from FN sites 27 and 28 (J. M. Wickens). 27 Figure 9. Section of partially paved pre-Turkish road from Porto Kastri to Karystos, Spilia-Kastri (64) (D. R. Keller). 27 Figure 10. Geology of the Bouros-Kastri peninsula (R. M. Seifried, adapted from a 1:50,000 Geological Map of Greece from the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration). 28 Figure 11. Roman cipollino quarry in the foothills of Mt. Ochi , with view of Karystos, the kampos, and Castel Rosso (D. R. Keller). 30 Figure 12. Excavation at site of Plakari, with the Bouros-Kastri peninsula in the distance (J. P. Crielaard, D. Batsis). 35 Figure 13. Ayios Nikolaos Mylon, located immediately below modern chapel on peak top, indicated by the ‘X’ (D. R. Keller). 39 Figure 14. Panorama of Kastri bay (Geraistos) from the northwest with Andros in the distance (J. M. Wickens). 40 Figure 15. Chapel of Ayios Konstantinos with ancient spolia at Elleniko near Platanistos (85) (J. M. Wickens). 41 Figure 16. Main terrace wall at Elleniko, from the west (J. M. Wickens). 41 Figure 17. Aerial view of Karystos, Karystos Bay, and the Paximadi and Bouros-Kastri peninsulas, showing location of Palaiochora (H. R. Goette). 43 Figure 18. Frankish fortification of Kastro Rosso and its aqueduct, from the northwest (H. R. Goette). 49 Figure 19. Sites and findspots on the Bouros-Kastri peninsula. 55 Figure 20. Sites and findspots on the Bouros-Kastri peninsula. ‘Site’ indicates a location designated as a site in at least one time period (R. M. Seifried). 56 Figure 21. Chronological terms, dates, and relative number of sites per period. Dates after Bintliff 2012, passim; Manning 1995: 168–170; Shelmerdine 2008: 4, fig. 1.1. 56 Figure 22. Types of sites and findspots. 57 Figure 23. Sites and findspots by type (R. M. Seifried). 58 Figure 24. Prehistoric sites and findspots, grouped by topographic zone. 59 Figure 25. Sites and findspots dated to the Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (R. M. Seifried). 59 Figure 26. View from Spilia (68) to the southeast (J. M. Wickens). 60 Figure 27. View from site 53 northeast toward Kalamos beach, with sites 48 and 49 indicated, and Mandili island in the distance (J. M. Wickens). 62 Figure 28. View from Ayioi 1 (45) to the northeast toward Andros (J. M. Wickens). 63 Figure 29. Sherds possibly dating to the Late Archaic period. 67 Figure 30. Sites and findspots dated to the Classical–Early Hellenistic period. 69 Figure 31. Sites and findspots dated to the Classical–Early Hellenistic period (R. M. Seifried). 70 Figure 32. View from round tower (37) north-northwest to Karystos and Paximadi peninsula, with doorposts of tower in foreground (J. M. Wickens). 74 Figure 33. View west from watchtower (21) to Paximadi peninsula (J. M. Wickens). 74 Figure 34. View down the Potami River valley toward the east, with Andros in the distance (J. M. Wickens). 75 Figure 35. Sites and findspots dated to Middle–Late Hellenistic, Early Roman, and Middle Roman periods. 78 Figure 36. Sites and findspots dated to the Middle–Late Hellenistic period (R. M. Seifried). 78 Figure 37. Sites and findspots dated to the Early Roman period (R. M. Seifried). 79 Figure 38. Sites and findspots dated to the Middle Roman period (R. M. Seifried). 80 Figure 39. Sites and findspots dated to the Late Roman period. 83 Figure 40. Sites and findspots dated to the Late Roman period (R. M. Seifried). 84 Figure 41. Sites and findspots dated to the broader Roman period. 84 Figure 42. Sites and findspots dated to the broader Roman period (R. M. Seifried). 85 Figure 43. Livadi bay from the north (J. M. Wickens). 86 Figure 44. Sites and findspots dated to the Byzantine and Tourkokratia to Modern periods. 89 Figure 45. Sites and findspots dated to the Byzantine period (R. M. Seifried). 90 Figure 46. Sites and findspots dated to the Tourkokratia and later (R. M. Seifried). 91 Figure 47. Sites and findspots that are undated but ancient/pre-modern. 92 Figure 48. Sites and findspots that are undated but pre-modern (R. M. Seifried). 93 Figure 49. Prehistoric pottery from Askoulthitsa (11), Akrotiri 3 (16), Bouletza South 1 (27), Bouletza South 2 (28), and Ayia Eirini 1 (29) (L. E. Talalay). 96 Figure 50. Prehistoric pottery from Ayioi 1 (45) (L. E. Talalay). 97 Figure 51. Prehistoric pottery from Ayioi 1 (45) and Barsa East 2 (48) (L. E. Talalay). 98 Figure 52. Prehistoric pottery and spindle whorls from Kalamos 3 (49) (L. E. Talalay). 99 Figure 53. Prehistoric pottery from Kalamos 2 (54) and Spilia-Kalamos 2 (66), and spindle whorl from Kastri 2 (58) (L. E. Talalay). 100 Figure 54. Prehistoric pottery from Spilia (68) (L. E. Talalay). 101 Figure 55. Prehistoric pottery from Spilia (68) (L. E. Talalay). 102 Figure 56. Lithics from Askoulthitsa (11), Akrotiri 3 (16), Bouletza South 1 (27), and Bouletza South 2 (28): (1) exhausted bladelet core (11-3); (2) mèche de foret (16-3); (3) barbed and tanged arrowhead (27-6); (4) reflaked bladelet core (27-7); (5) fr 104 Figure 57. Lithics from Ayioi 1 (45), Kalamos 3 (49), and Kalamos 2 (54): (1) fragment of large core preparation flake (45-25); (2) mesial fragment of blade with negatives of crest preparation (45-26); (3) mesial fragment of pressure-flaked bladelet (45-2 105 Figure 58. Lithics from Kalamos 2 (54) and Spilia (68): (1) mesial fragment of bladelet, indirect percussion (54-9); (2) core rejuvenation bladelet (54-10); (3) bifacial tanged arrowhead (54-11); (4) large splintered piece on flake (68-12); (5) core prepa 106 Figure 59. Ground stone from Ayioi 1 (45) and Spilia (68): (1) triangular greenstone celt (45-40); (2) circular handstone on unworked pebble (45-41); and (3) small cubic handstone on unworked pebble (68-21) (drawings G. Monthel, C. Perlès; inking M. Bal 107 Figure 60. Greek and Roman fabrics identified within the survey corpus. 111 Figure 61. Akrotiri chytra and lopas forms (S. I. Rotroff). 112 Figure 62. Akrotiri lid, parcher, and griddle forms (S. I. Rotroff). 115 Figure 63. Rilled lids 15-31 and 15-35 (R. Lamberton). 115 Figure 64. Beehives and possible beehives. 117 Figure 65. Beehives with scored walls (upper rows) and probable beehives with no scoring preserved (lowest row) (S. I. Rotroff). 117 Figure 67. Lekanai (S. I. Rotroff). 118 Figure 68. Lekanai and bowls (S. I. Rotroff). 118 Figure 69. Inscribed lid/bowls (upper rows) and pithos or hive lid (58-3) (S. I. Rotroff). 120 Figure 70. Types and decoration of pithoi. 121 Figure 71. Pithoi: Greek (upper rows), Roman and Byzantine (lowest row) (S. I. Rotroff). 122 Figure 72. Scoring for attachment of feet of pithoi (R. Lamberton). 123 Figure 73. Byzantine and modern fabrics identified within the survey corpus. 126 Figure 74. Cist grave at Vigla 1 (1) (J. M. Wickens). 133 Figure 75. Lowest section of quarry road (2), looking southwest (J. M. Wickens). 133 Figure 76. Groove in quarry road (2), looking northeast (J. M. Wickens). 134 Figure 77. Pottery from the sherd scatter at Vigla 2 (3) (S. I. Rotroff). 135 Figure 78. Southeast corner of the building at Metochi (4) and view northwest to Karystos (J. M. Wickens). 135 Figure 79. Building at Metochi (4) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 135 Figure 80. Pottery from Metochi (4) (S. I. Rotroff). 136 Figure 82. Fragments of ancient(?) walls at Karpou-Distrata (5) and view to south (J. M. Wickens). 137 Figure 83. Roman dish from the sherd scatter at Karpou-Distrata (5) (S. I. Rotroff). 137 Figure 84. Ayios Simios 2 (6) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 138 Figure 85. Pottery from Ayios Simios 2 (6) (S. I. Rotroff). 139 Figure 86. Ayios Simios 1 (7) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 139 Figure 87. Walls of the farmhouse at Ayios Simios 1 (7), from the northeast, with view across Karystos bay to the southern tip of Paximadi peninsula and the Attic coast in the background (J. M. Wickens). 140 Figure 88. Press bed and weight block at Ayios Simios 1 (7) (C. Duquette). 140 Figure 89. Press weight at Ayios Simios 1 (7) (J. M. Wickens). 140 Figure 90. Pottery from Ayios Simios 1 (7) (S. I. Rotroff). 140 Figure 91. Saraçhane Type 63 amphora from Ayios Simios 1 (7) (R. Lamberton). 141 Figure 92. Relief pithos at Lymia (8) (J. M. Wickens). 141 Figure 93. Pottery from Lymia (8) (S. I. Rotroff). 142 Figure 94. Late Roman or Byzantine amphora from Lymia (8) (R. Lamberton). 142 Figure 95. Rectangular structure at Akrotiri 2-Tzoumes (9) (D. R. Keller, J. M. Wickens). 143 Figure 96. Tzoumes East (10) and view to west (J. M. Wickens). 144 Figure 97. Pottery from Tzoumes East (10) (S. I. Rotroff). 144 Figure 98. View west over Askoulthitsa (11) (J. M. Wickens). 145 Figure 100. View northwest from Koukouvayies 2 (12) to Karystos (J. M. Wickens). 146 Figure 99. Map of Koukouvayies 2 (12), with locations of sites 13 and 14 indicated (J. M. Wickens). 146 Figure 101. Features 3 and 5 at Koukouvayies 2 (12) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 147 Figure 102. Feature 4 at Koukouvayies 2 (12) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 147 Figure 103. Southwest wall of feature 4 from modern road at Koukouvayies 2 (12) (J. M. Wickens). 147 Figure 104. Feature B at Koukouvayies 2 (12) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 147 Figure 105. Southwest wall of feature B at Koukouvayies 2 (12) (J. M. Wickens). 148 Figure 106. Features A, C, and D at Koukouvayies 2 (12) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 148 Figure 107. Fine ware, coarse bowls, and lekanai from Koukouvayies 2 (12) (S. I. Rotroff). 149 Figure 108. Beehives and other coarse pottery from Koukouvayies 2 (12) (S. I. Rotroff). 151 Figure 109. Baggy jars and pithoi from Koukouvayies 2 (12) (S. I. Rotroff). 153 Figure 110. Pithoi and tubs from Koukouvayies 2 (12) (S. I. Rotroff). 154 Figure 111. Lids, miscellaneous coarse pottery, and transport amphoras from Koukouvayies 2 (12) (S. I. Rotroff). 156 Figure 112. Pot supports and cooking ware from Koukouvayies 2 (12) (S. I. Rotroff). 157 Figure 113. Loomweights and spindle whorls from Koukouvayies 2 (12) (S. I. Rotroff). 158 Figure 114. Blocks (weights and/or bases) at Koukouvayies 3 (13) (C. Duquette). 159 Figure 115. Block 1 at Koukouvayies 3 (13) (J. M. Wickens). 159 Figure 116. Block 2 at Koukouvayies 3 (13) (J. M. Wickens). 160 Figure 117. Lid(?) from the sherd scatter at Koukouvayies 3 (13) (S. I. Rotroff). 160 Figure 118. View south to the Mt. Koukouvayies farm site (14) from nearby village (12) (J. M. Wickens). 161 Figure 119. Farm on Mt. Kouvkouvayies (14) and its immediate surroundings (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 161 Figure 121. Fine and coarse pottery from farm on Mt. Koukouvayies (14) (S. I. Rotroff). 162 Figure 122. Coarse pottery, transport amphora, and pot supports from farm on Mt. Koukouvayies (14) (S. I. Rotroff). 164 Figure 123. Chytrai, lopades, and lids from farm on Mt. Koukouvayies (14) (S. I. Rotroff). 166 Figure 124. Parchers and other cooking ware from farm on Mt. Koukouvayies (14) (S. I. Rotroff). 167 Figure 125. Kiln and tower(?) on the promontory at Akrotiri 1 (15) (D. R. Keller, J. M. Wickens). 168 Figure 126. Promontory with kiln and tower(?) at Akrotiri 1 (15) from the south (J. M. Wickens). 169 Figure 127. Kiln dump and tower(?) at Akrotiri 1 (15) (D. R. Keller, J. M. Wickens). 169 Figure 128. Pottery from kiln at Akrotiri 1 (15) (S. I. Rotroff). 170 Figure 129. Rubble wall at the Byzantine–Modern settlement at Akrotiri-Zoodochos Pigi (17) (J. M. Wickens). 173 Figure 131. Pithos 18-2 (J. M. Wickens). 173 Figure 132. Pottery from the sherd scatter at Koukouvayies-Bouletza 2 (19) (S. I. Rotroff). 174 Figure 133. Pottery from Bouletza 1 (20) (S. I. Rotroff). 175 Figure 134. Byzantine painted and sgraffito wares from Bouletza 1 (20) (R. Lamberton). 175 Figure 135. Incised vessels from Bouletza 1 (20) (R. Lamberton). 176 Figure 136. Saraçhane 61 amphora fragments from Bouletza 1 (20) (R. Lamberton). 176 Figure 137. Foundations of tower at Panayia 1 (21) (J. M. Wickens). 177 Figure 138. Worked blocks from the tower at Panayia 1 (21) (J. M. Wickens). 177 Figure 140. Pottery from Panayia-Spilia West (22) (S. I. Rotroff). 178 Figure 141. Pottery from the sherd scatter at Panayia 2 (23) (S. I. Rotroff). 179 Figure 142. Boulder with basin and groove at Bouletza-Ayios Vasilis 3 (25) (J. M. Wickens). 180 Figure 143. Byzantine–early modern chapel at Bouletza-Ayios Vasilis 2 (26) (D. R. Keller, J. M. Wickens). 181 Figure 144. Remains of the chapel at Bouletza-Ayios Vasilis 2 (26) from the west-northwest (J. M. Wickens). 181 Figure 145. Bouletza South 1 (27) from Bouletza South 2 (28) to the west (J. M. Wickens). 181 Figure 146. Greek jug or cup from the sherd scatter at Bouletza South 1 (27) (S. I. Rotroff). 182 Figure 147. Greek and Roman pottery from the sherd scatter at Ayia Eirini 1 (29) (S. I. Rotroff). 184 Figure 149. Roman amphora fragment from the sherd scatter at Ayia Eirini 3 (30) (R. Lamberton). 184 Figure 150. Niches in the vertical scarp and leveled bedrock platform above, at a Late Roman farm(?) at Ayia Eirini 2 (31) (D. R. Keller, J. M. Wickens). 185 Figure 151. Cuttings in the bedrock outcropping at Ayia Eirini 2 (31) (J. M. Wickens). 185 Figure 152. Leveled bedrock platform at Ayia Eirini 2 (31) from the northwest (J. M. Wickens). 185 Figure 153. Pottery from Ayia Eirini 2 (31) (S. I. Rotroff). 186 Figure 154. Pottery from Bouros 1 (32) (S. I. Rotroff). 186 Figure 155. Building at Bouros 2 (33) (J. M. Wickens). 187 Figure 156. Northwest corner of the north wall of the building at Bouros 2 (33) (J. M. Wickens). 187 Figure 157. Pan(?) from Bouros 2 (33) (S. I. Rotroff). 187 Figure 159. Building complex at Bouros-Spilia 2 (35) (D. R. Keller, J. M. Wickens). 188 Figure 160. Building complex at Bouros-Spilia 2 (35) from its southeast end (J. M. Wickens). 189 Figure 161. View south to the hill where the tower at Bouros-Mandili 1 (37) is located. A fieldwall can be seen just right of center, which descends from Bouros-Spilia 2 (35), located behind photographer, and ascends the opposite height (J. M. Wickens). 189 Figure 162. Pottery from Bouros-Spilia 2 (35) (S. I. Rotroff). 190 Figure 163. Late Roman 1 amphora fragments from Bouros-Spilia 2 (35) (R. Lamberton). 191 Figure 164. Late Roman amphora fragments from Bouros-Spilia 2 (35) (R. Lamberton). 191 Figure 165. Lekane from the sherd scatter at Bouros-Spilia 3 (36) (S. I. Rotroff). 191 Figure 166. Foundations of the tower at Bouros-Mandili 1 (37) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 192 Figure 167. Foundations of the tower at Bouros-Mandili 1 (37) from the north (J. M. Wickens). 192 Figure 168. Schematic reconstruction of the doorjambs of the tower at Bouros-Mandili 1 (37) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens, S. I. Rotroff). 192 Figure 169. Fieldwall running east from Bouros-Mandili 1 (37) (J. M. Wickens). 192 Figure 170. View south-southeast from Bouros-Mandili 1 (37) to Mandili island and Andros (J. M. Wickens). 193 Figure 171. Pottery from the tower at Bouros-Mandili 1, Spilia ridge (37) (S. I. Rotroff). 193 Figure 172. Map of area of cipollino quarry at Mandili-Barsa (39), with the locations of the three quarry faces (Q1–Q3) indicated (J. M. Wickens). 194 Figure 173. Column and block below modern coastal road below Mandili-Barsa (39) (J. M. Wickens). 194 Figure 174. Upper quarry (Q1) at Mandili-Barsa (39) (J. M. Wickens). 195 Figure 175. Stone basins at the west end of the upper quarry (Q1) at Mandili-Barsa (39) (J. M. Wickens). 195 Figure 176. Midslope quarry (Q2) at Mandili-Barsa (39) (J. M. Wickens). 196 Figure 178. Large door block (threshold?) by the midslope quarry (Q2) at Mandili-Barsa (39) (J. M. Wickens). 197 Figure 179. Middle section of the back wall of third quarry face (Q3) at Mandili-Barsa (39) (J. M. Wickens). 197 Figure 180. Postholes in front of the third quarry face (Q3) at Mandili-Barsa (39) (J. M. Wickens). 197 Figure 181. Roman cooking pot from the quarry at Mandili-Barsa (39) (S. I. Rotroff). 197 Figure 182. Lopas or pan from the sherd scatter at Barsa 2 (40) (S. I. Rotroff). 198 Figure 183. Remains of the tower at Barsa 1 (41) (J. M. Wickens). 198 Figure 184. Two steps(?) and in-situ block at Barsa 1 (41) (J. M. Wickens). 198 Figure 185. View northeast from Barsa 1 (41) up the coast and across the Kaphirean straits to Andros (J. M. Wickens). 198 Figure 186. Pottery from the tower at Barsa 1 (41) (S. I. Rotroff). 199 Figure 187. Building at Barsa West (42) (J. M. Wickens). 199 Figure 188. Building rubble at Barsa West (42) from its northwest corner (J. M. Wickens). 199 Figure 189. Pottery and a quern fragment (not collected) at Barsa West (42) (J. M. Wickens). 200 Figure 190. Pottery from Barsa West (42) (S. I. Rotroff). 200 Figure 191. Rubble walls at Kalamos-Barsa (43) (J. M. Wickens). 200 Figure 192. Pottery from the sherd scatter at Kalamos-Barsa (43) (S. I. Rotroff). 201 Figure 193. Undated building (tower?) at Barsa East 1 (44) (J. M. Wickens). 201 Figure 194. North wall of the building at Barsa East 1 (44) (J. M. Wickens). 202 Figure 195. View northeast from Barsa East 1 (44) to Kastri and across the Kaphirean straits to Andros (J. M. Wickens). 202 Figure 196. View south-southeast from Ayioi 1 (45) to Mandili island (J. M. Wickens). 203 Figure 197. Classical–Hellenistic pottery from the sherd scatter at Ayioi 1 (45) (S. I. Rotroff). 204 Figure 198. Ancient and modern structures at Barsa East 3-Ayioi Northeast (47) (J. M. Wickens). 205 Figure 199. Rock face and northeast wall of the ancient building at Barsa East 3-Ayioi Northeast (47), from the southeast (J. M. Wickens). 206 Figure 200. Area with traces of quarrying, south of the ancient building at Barsa East 3-Ayioi Northeast (47), and view south to Ayioi (J. M. Wickens). 206 Figure 201. Pottery from Barsa East 3-Ayioi Northeast (47) (S. I. Rotroff). 206 Figure 202. Foundations of the tower(?) at Kalamos 4 (50) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 208 Figure 203. Southeast quadrant of the tower at Kalamos 4 (50) (J. M. Wickens). 208 Figure 204. View east to Kalamos beach from Kalamos 4 (50) (J. M. Wickens). 209 Figure 205. Wall at Kalamos 5 (51) from the south (J. M. Wickens). 209 Figure 206. Fragment of a millstone (not collected) at Kalamos 5 (51) (J. M. Wickens). 210 Figure 207. Pottery from Kalamos 5 (51) (S. I. Rotroff). 210 Figure 208. Incised fragment from Kalamos 5 (51) (R. Lamberton). 212 Figure 209. Pottery from the sherd scatter at Kalamos 6 (52) (S. I. Rotroff). 212 Figure 210. Tower at Kalamos 1 (53) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 213 Figure 211. Part of the southeast foundation of the tower at Kalamos 1 (53) (J. M. Wickens). 213 Figure 213. Pottery from the sherd scatter at Kalamos 1 (53) (S. I. Rotroff). 214 Figure 214. Loomweight from Kalamos 1 (53) (S. I. Rotroff). 214 Figure 215. Hill and crag where Kalamos 1 (53) and Kalamos 2 (54) are located, from the southeast (J. M. Wickens). 214 Figure 216. Square tower(?) and field wall at Kalamos-Kastri (55) (J. M. Wickens). 216 Figure 217. Northwest corner of the tower at Kalamos-Kastri (55) (J. M. Wickens). 216 Figure 218. Kastri 8 (56) (J. M. Wickens). 217 Figure 219. Telephoto view of Kastri 8 (56) and Kastri bay from Kalamos 1 (53) to south (J. M. Wickens). 217 Figure 220. Wall at Kastri 8 (56) from the west (J. M. Wickens). 218 Figure 222. Sketch plan of Kastri 1 (57), with locations of rock-cut graves (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 218 Figure 223. Grave no. 1 from the west, Kastri 1 (57) (J. M. Wickens). 219 Figure 224. Grave no. 2 from the east, Kastri 1 (57) (J. M. Wickens). 219 Figure 225. Fieldwall at Kastri 2 (58) from the south (J. M. Wickens). 219 Figure 226. Segment of an older wall at the NW end of the newer fieldwall at Kastri 2 (58) (J. M. Wickens).) 220 Figure 227. Pottery from Kastri 2 (58) (S. I. Rotroff). 220 Figure 228. Rock-cut grave at Kastri 5 (61) from the east (J. M. Wickens). 221 Figure 230. Segment of the northern east–west wall at Kastri 6 (62) (J. M. Wickens). 222 Figure 231. Western north–south wall at Kastri 6 (62) from the north (J. M. Wickens). 223 Figure 232. Reused marble block at Kastri 6 (62) (J. M. Wickens). 223 Figure 233. Roman fine ware from Kastri 6 (62) (S. I. Rotroff). 223 Figure 234. Lid from Kastri 6 (62) (R. Lamberton). 223 Figure 236. Choremis’s 1960s excavation at Kastri 7: Geraistos (63) (J. M. Wickens). 224 Figure 237. Segment of the pre-Turkish Karystos–Kastri road, showing the terracing for the road, Spilia-Kastri (64) (J. M. Wickens).) 225 Figure 238. Sketch plan of Spilia 3 (65) (J. M. Wickens). 226 Figure 239. Segment of the north–south wall at Spilia 3 (65) (J. M. Wickens). 226 Figure 240. Stamped pithos handle (not collected) at Spilia 3 (65) (J. M. Wickens). 226 Figure 241. Pottery from Spilia 3 (65) (S. I. Rotroff). 227 Figure 242. Spilia-Kalamos 2 (66) from the north-northwest (J. M. Wickens). 227 Figure 243. Late Roman amphora fragment from Spilia-Kalamos 2 (66) (R. Lamberton). 228 Figure 245. Ruined structure and millstone in the stream gully at the base of Spilia-Kalamos 1 (67) (J. M. Wickens). 229 Figure 246. Pottery from Spilia-Kalamos 1 (67) (S. I. Rotroff). 230 Figure 247. Pithos 67-10 (J. M. Wickens). 230 Figure 248. Stamped handle of Mendean amphora from Spilia-Kalamos 1 (67) (R. Lamberton). 231 Figure 249. Summit of Spilia (68) from a col just to its east (rubble in foreground is undated) (J. M. Wickens). 232 Figure 250. Helida South-Spilia East (69) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 234 Figure 251. Pottery from Helida South-Spilia East (69) (S. I. Rotroff). 234 Figure 252. Livadi 6-Kastri (70) (J. M. Wickens). 235 Figure 253. Saddle quern (not collected) found north of tower C at Livadi 6-Kastri (70) (J. M. Wickens). 236 Figure 254. Pottery from Livadi 6-Kastri (70) (S. I. Rotroff). 236 Figure 255. Livadi 4 (72) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 237 Figure 256. North wall of the building at Livadi 4 (72) (J. M. Wickens). 238 Figure 257. ‘Eared’ loaf-shaped grinder (not collected) at Livadi 4 (72) (J. M. Wickens). 238 Figure 258. Pottery from the farm at Livadi 4 (72) (S. I. Rotroff). 238 Figure 259. Pottery from the farm at Livadi 1 (73) (S. I. Rotroff). 239 Figure 260. Late Roman 2 amphora fragment from the farm at Livadi 1 (73) (R. Lamberton). 240 Figure 261. Cutting through bedrock outcrop, for a water conduit leading south to Livadi valley, Livadi 5-Rachi Livadiou (74) (J. M. Wickens). 240 Figure 262. Pottery from Livadi 5- Rachi Livadiou (74) (S. I. Rotroff). 241 Figure 263. Pottery from the tile kiln at Livadi 2 (75) (S. I. Rotroff). 242 Figure 264. Pottery from Livadi 7 (76) (S. I. Rotroff). 243 Figure 265. Retaining wall with inscriptions at Ayios Ioannis 1 (77) (SEEP, J. M. Wickens). 244 Figure 266. Modern chapel of Ayios Ioannis at site 77 (J. M. Wickens). 244 Figure 268. The three inscriptions at Ayios Ioannis 1 (77) (SEEP, S. I Rotroff). 245 Figure 269. Inscription no. 1 at Ayios Ioannis 1 (77) (J. M. Wickens). 245 Figure 270. Inscription no. 3 (IG XII.9 49) at Ayios Ioannis 1 (77) (J. M. Wickens). 245 Figure 271. Glazed Byzantine bowls from the sherd scatter at Ayios Ioannis 1 (77) (S. I. Rotroff). 246 Figure 272. Beehive(?) from the sherd scatter at Ayios Ioannis 1 (77) (R. Lamberton). 246 Figure 274. Circular oven(?) attached to the farmhouse at Ayios Ioannis 2 (78) (J. M. Wickens). 246 Figure 275. Quern fragment (not collected) at Ayios Ioannis 2 (78) (J. M. Wickens). 246 Figure 276. Pottery from the farm at Ayios Ioannis 2 (78) (S. I. Rotroff). 247 Figure 277. Walls at Markouri-Isiomata 1 (79) (J. M. Wickens, S.I. Rotroff). 247 Figure 278. Pottery from the sherd scatter at Markouri-Isiomata 1 (79) (S. I. Rotroff). 248 Figure 280. Roman amphora handle from Tourko 2 (81) (S. I. Rotroff). 248 Figure 282. Modern ruins (restored?) at Tourko 1 (82) (J. M. Wickens). 249 Figure 283. Pottery from Tourko 1 (82) (S. I. Rotroff). 249 Figure 285. Large sandstone blocks built into an early modern farmhouse near Tourko 3-Platanistos 1 (83) (J. M. Wickens). 250 Figure 286. Roman mug and modern plate from Tourko 3-Platanistos 1 (83) (S. I. Rotroff). 250 Figure 287. Late Roman jug and amphora fragments from Tourko 3-Platanistos 1 (83) (R. Lamberton). 250 Figure 288. Pottery from Platanistos 5 (84) (S. I. Rotroff). 251 Figure 289. Ayios Konstantinos and its surrounding terrace at Elleniko, Platanistos 2 (85) (J. M. Wickens). 252 Figure 290. Greek and Byzantine pottery from Elleniko, Platanistos 2 (85) (S. I. Rotroff). 252 Figure 291. Fragment of Byzantine(?) vessel from Elleniko, Platanistos 2 (85) (R. Lamberton). 252 Figure 292. Amphora or jug from the sherd scatter at Platanistos 3 (86) (S. I. Rotroff). 253 Figure 293. Amphora and pot support(?) from the sherd scatter at Platanistos 4 (87) (S. I. Rotroff). 253 Figure 294. Pottery from Karpou-Aeto Petris (88) (S. I. Rotroff). 254 Figure 295. Glaze-painted dish fragments from Karpou-Aeto Petris (88) (R. Lamberton). 254 Topography, Geology, and Tectonics 24 Topography 24 Geology and Tectonics of Southern Euboia 25 Geomorphology 28 Tectonics, Sea-Level Changes, and Palaeoclimates 29 Paleozoic–Mesozoic Bedrock 30 Cenozoic Rocks and Sediments 31 Natural Resources 31 Soils 31 Natural Hazards 32 Chronological Overview of the Karystia 33 Prehistory 33 Late Neolithic 33 Final Neolithic 34 Early Bronze Age 36 Late Bronze Age 38 Middle Bronze Age 38 Historical Periods 39 Early Iron Age 39 Classical 41 Hellenistic to Middle Roman 45 Late Roman 46 Byzantine 48 Tourkokratia and Modern 49 Settlement and Land Use on the Bouros-Kastri Peninsula 51 Procedural Considerations 51 Field Methodology 51 Sample Size, Sources of Bias, and Chronology 52 Site Function and Typology 52 Prehistoric Period 55 Geometric to Early Hellenistic Period 66 Description of Sites and Findspots by Area 71 Summary and Conclusions 76 Middle Hellenistic through Middle Roman Periods 77 Description of Sites 77 Summary and Conclusions 80 Late Roman Period 82 Description of Sites 82 Summary and Conclusions 87 Byzantine to Modern Period 88 Undated Sites 92 Analysis of Artifacts 94 Prehistoric Pottery 94 Final Neolithic 94 Early Bronze Age 100 Prehistoric Stone Tool Assemblages 102 Component A 103 Component A’ 103 Component B 103 Component C 107 Dating of the Components 108 Historic Pottery 109 Greek and Roman Fabrics 109 Local Pottery: The Akrotiri Cooking Assemblage 110 Local Pottery: Coarse Ware 116 Other Local Cooking Pottery 116 Transport Amphoras 124 Byzantine Pottery 125 Modern Pottery 125 Roman Plain and Cooking Ware 125 Summary and Final Thoughts 127 Gazetteer of Sites and Findspots 132 Bibliography 255 Euboia,Karystos,Geraistos,Athens,rural land use,maritime communications,land routes,survey,settlement patterns,ceramics,lithics