Sensors in the Age of the Internet of Things: Technologies and applications (Control, Robotics and Sensors)

The IoT is the inter-networking of connected and smart devices, buildings, vehicles and other items which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. A sensor is a detection device that measures, records, or responds to a physical property. Sensors represent the front end of information processing. Progress in communication technologies is part of the multi-factorial advances in electronics, sensors, embedded computing, signal processing and machine learning methods that has led to the development of new capabilities in the IoT. This edited book focuses on the technologies constituting the IoT from a sensor perspective, for an audience of researchers, scientists, engineers and graduate students with an interest in the field. Applications covered include connected sensors for smart cities, energy infrastructure, emergency management, and smart ports. Cover Contents 1 The Internet of things: a survey and outlook 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Communication and transport technologies 1.2.1 Short range 1.2.1.1 802.15.4 1.2.1.2 ZigBee 1.2.1.3 Bluetooth low energy 1.2.1.4 Z-Wave 1.2.2 Long range 1.2.2.1 Low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) 1.2.2.2 Cellular technologies 1.3 Data protocols 1.3.1 Hypertext transfer protocol 1.3.2 Constrained application protocol 1.3.3 Message queuing telemetry transport and MQTT-SN 1.3.4 Extensible messaging and presence protocol 1.4 IoT platforms 1.4.1 Technical aspects 1.4.1.1 Services offered 1.4.1.2 Supported data protocols 1.4.1.3 Security 1.4.1.4 Device management 1.4.1.5 Data storage 1.4.2 Commercial and business aspect 1.4.2.1 Size of the company 1.4.2.2 Data centre 1.4.2.3 IoT ecosystem 1.4.2.4 Pricing model 1.4.3 Commercial or open-source 1.4.3.1 Evaluation criteria 1.4.3.2 Open-source platforms 1.5 Future directions and challenges 1.5.1 Fog/Edge/Cloud Computing 1.5.2 Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) and tactile Internet 1.5.3 Embeddable artificial intelligence 1.5.4 Secure communications 1.5.5 Enhanced energy efficiency and autonomy 1.5.6 (Big) Stream analytics 1.5.7 Conclusions References 2 Sensors for the Internet of things 2.1 Sensor, smart sensor and IoT sensor 2.2 Sensor classification 2.2.1 According to the output signal 2.2.2 According to the excitation method 2.2.3 According to the variable parameter 2.2.4 According to the measured magnitude 2.3 Sensor characteristics 2.4 Applications and manufactures of IoT sensors 2.5 Temperature sensors 2.6 Humidity sensors 2.7 Pressure sensors 2.8 Motion sensors 2.9 Gas sensors 2.10 Optical sensors 2.11 Ultrasonic sensors 2.12 Conclusions References 3 Sensor communication interfaces and standards 3.1 Introduction 3.2 IEEE 1451 standard 3.2.1 The 1451.0 clause 3.2.1.1 Transducer types 3.2.1.2 Sampling modes 3.2.1.3 Data structures 3.2.1.4 Addressing scheme 3.2.1.5 Messages 3.2.1.6 Transducer electronic data sheets 3.2.1.7 Commands 3.2.1.8 Application programming interfaces 3.2.2 The 1451.2 clause 3.2.3 The 1451.3 clause 3.2.4 The 1451.4 clause 3.2.5 The 1451.5 clause 3.2.6 The 1451.7 clause 3.2.7 The 1451.1 clause 3.2.7.1 Blocks 3.2.7.2 Components 3.2.7.3 Services 3.2.8 Opinion about the IEEE 1451 standard 3.3 OPC platform 3.3.1 OPC data access 3.3.2 OPC alarms and events 3.3.3 OPC historical data access 3.3.4 OPC unified architecture 3.3.5 Opinion about the OPC platform 3.4 Conclusion Abbreviations and symbols References 4 Multisensor IoT interface with Bluetooth Low Energy 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and methods 4.2.1 Application scenario 4.2.2 Proposed SASC methodology 4.2.2.1 Connection establishment 4.2.2.2 Information exchange mechanism between the sensors and the IoT Hub 4.2.2.3 Disconnection process 4.3 Testing scenarios 4.3.1 Test sensor description 4.3.2 IoT Hub description 4.3.3 Free-living validation of the proposed SASC methodology 4.3.4 Benchmarking tests of the proposed SASC methodology 4.3.4.1 Data retrieval and throughput evaluation 4.3.4.2 CPU loading and power consumption profiling 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Free-living validation of SASC methodology 4.4.2 Per cent data retrieval and throughput evaluation 4.4.3 CPU loading and power consumption profiling 4.5 Discussion 4.6 Conclusion Authors' contributions Conflicts of interest References 5 Fog computing middleware for distributed cooperative data analytics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Distributed cooperative data analytics 5.2.1 Challenges and solutions 5.3 Fog computing middleware architecture 5.3.1 Database 5.3.2 Library manager and adaptor 5.3.3 Processing unit 5.3.4 Middleware visualizer 5.4 Fog computing middleware formulation and modes of operation 5.4.1 Cooperation mode 5.4.2 Task-sharing mode 5.5 Case studies in subsurface imaging 5.5.1 Case 1: travel-time location 5.5.2 Case 2: ambient noise tomography 5.5.3 Decentralized algorithms 5.6 Middleware evaluation 5.6.1 Equipment 5.6.2 Datasets 5.6.3 Analytics processing 5.6.3.1 Compute travel-time tomography in the proposed middleware 5.6.3.2 Compute ambient noise tomography in the proposed middleware 5.6.4 Results visualization on DCDA middleware 5.6.5 Middleware versus central approaches time evaluation 5.6.6 Scalability, robustness and flexibility 5.6.7 Energy consumption 5.6.8 Communication cost 5.7 Opportunities 5.8 Conclusion References 6 IoT-enabled water monitoring and control for smart city 6.1 The concept of smart city 6.2 The water management in a smart city 6.2.1 The water contamination 6.2.2 The conventional water treatment plant 6.3 Industry 4.0 6.4 Internet of things 6.4.1 Physical design of IoT 6.4.2 Interfacing sensors to IoT 6.4.3 Sensors for water quality and hydraulic parameters 6.4.4 Embedded controllers for smart water quality monitoring 6.4.4.1 Netduino 6.4.4.2 Raspberry PI 3 Bþ 6.4.4.3 SimpleLinkTM MCU 6.4.4.4 AWS IoT 6.5 Hardware and software security in industrial IoT 6.5.1 Software-based IoT security 6.5.2 Hardware-based IoT security 6.6 Water monitoring, SCADA and IoT in water sector 6.6.1 Some earlier work on ICT/IoT-based water surveillance 6.6.2 Smart water supply project: design consideration 6.6.2.1 Proposed smart water treatment plant 6.6.2.2 Proposed SCADA system 6.6.2.3 Operational philosophy of monitoring 6.6.2.4 The proposed scheme will help 6.6.2.5 The benefit of the IoT-based SCADA 6.6.2.6 Expected technical features of smart water supply and distribution 6.6.3 The leak detection to minimize nonrevenue water in smart water grid 6.7 Conclusion References 7 IoT for smart homes 7.1. Introduction 7.2 IoT-based smart homes 7.2.1 Models for smart homes 7.2.2 Communication protocols in smart homes 7.2.3 Architecture of smart homes 7.2.4 Security in smart homes 7.3 Potential sensors for smart homes 7.4 Challenges and future opportunities References 8 Wireless sensor network for landslide early warning and monitoring 8.1 Landslides: phenomenon, triggering mechanisms and monitoring techniques 8.2 WSN setup 8.2.1 Network architecture 8.2.2 Hierarchical levels 8.3 Communication protocols within the landslide monitoring WSN 8.3.1 Protocol implementation for an end node 8.3.2 Protocol implementation for a router node 8.3.3 Protocol implementation for the coordinator 8.4 Hardware components of the WSN 8.4.1 Measurement node structure 8.4.2 Measurement point 8.4.3 Highly sensitive strain gauges 8.4.3.1 Principle of operation 8.4.3.2 Construction details and characteristics 8.4.3.3 Signal processing unit 8.4.4 Pore water pressure sensor 8.4.5 Processing and communication module 8.4.6 Coordinator 8.5 Considerations regarding the power consumption 8.5.1 Power consumption at MP level 8.5.2 Power consumption at PCM level 8.6 In-field deployment and data presentation 8.6.1 One year recordings using the WSN 8.6.2 Graphic user interface 8.7 Conclusions References 9 Industrial Internet of the things 9.1 OSI model 9.2 Industrial protocols: from current loops to fieldbuses 9.2.1 Current loops 9.2.2 HART 9.2.3 Foundation fieldbus 9.3 Industrial Ethernet 9.3.1 Real time 9.3.2 Collision avoidance and synchronization 9.4 Time-sensitive networking 9.5 Industrial Internet of the things 9.5.1 Smart factory 9.5.2 Wireless protocols 9.5.3 5G networks 9.5.4 IPv6 and security 9.6 Conclusions Abbreviations and symbols References 10 Internet of things for cargo ports 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Port objects/things and their roles 10.2.1 Hinterland 10.2.2 Logistic centre 10.2.3 Carousel and carriers 10.2.4 Cranes 10.2.5 Containers 10.2.6 Buffer zones 10.2.7 Storage area 10.3 Measurements 10.3.1 The sea gauges and weather conditions 10.3.2 Position and displacement detection 10.3.3 Velocity and acceleration detection 10.3.4 Chemical, biological and radiation sensors 10.3.5 Port infrastructure and machinery health monitoring 10.4 IoT for cargo ports 10.5 Conclusions References Index Back Cover