Sensors and Microsystems: Proceedings of AISEM 2021 – In Memory of Arnaldo D’Amico (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 918)

This book showcases the state of the art in the field of sensors and microsystems, revealing the impressive potential of novel methodologies and technologies. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: bio-, physical and chemical sensors, actuators, micro- and nano-structured materials, mechanisms of interaction and signal transduction, polymers and biomaterials, sensor electronics and instrumentation, analytical microsystems, recognition systems and signal analysis and sensor networks as well as manufacturing technologies, environmental, food, energy and biomedical applications. The contents reflect the outcomes of the activities of AISEM (Italian Association of Sensors and Microsystems) in 2021. Co-Edited by B. Andò, F. Baldini, G. Betta, D. Compagnone, S. Conoci, E. Comini, V. Ferrari, E. La Salandra, L. Lorenzelli, A.G. Mignani, G. Marrazza, G. Neri, P. Siciliano. Dedication Preface Organization Steering Committee Contents Sensors and Systems for Life Science Applications Enzymatic Detection of l-Lactate with a Smart Colorimetric Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Results and Discussion 2.1 Optimization of the Platform for l-Lactate Detection 2.2 l-Lactate Detection 2.3 Selectivity of the Multi-enzymatic Biosensor 2.4 Complex Matrices Analysis 2.5 Stability of the (LOx-HRP)/p(ANI-co-AA) Biosensor 3 Conclusions References Amorphous Silicon Based Biosensor for Food Quality Assessment: Feasibility Study on Milk’s Fat Content 1 Introduction 2 System’s Design and Working Principle 3 Sensing Demonstration 4 Conclusions References AstroBio CubeSat: On-Ground Validation of Lab-on-Chip Based Astrobiology Experiments 1 Introduction 2 Analytical Approach 3 Design 3.1 Assembly 3.2 Wax-Printed Triple Fold Origami 3.3 Wet Sensor 3.4 Assembly Holder 4 Assembly and Integration 5 On-Ground Validation and Results 6 Conclusions References Compliant Microgripper for In-Vitro Biological Manipulation 1 Introduction 2 System’s Design and Working Principle 3 Morphological Study 4 Results and Conclusions References Electrochemical DNA-Based Biosensors as Useful Tools for Food Analysis 1 Introduction 1.1 Pesticides 1.2 Mycotoxins 1.3 Allergens 2 Aptasensors Strategies 3 Conclusions References Further Study on Yeast - DCFC Device Development (Part Two) 1 Introduction 2 Materials Methods and Apparatus 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Integrated Hybrid Glass-Plastic Chip for Sorting and Counting of Microparticles in Biomedical Applications 1 Introduction 2 Working Principle and Prototype Features 3 Experimental Tests 4 Conclusions References Integrating Machine Learning and Sensors for the Development of Organ-on-Chip Platforms for Medical Diagnosis 1 Introduction 2 Results 2.1 Cancer-Immune Interaction 2.2 Analysis of the Cytotoxic Effects of Chemotherapy Agents and T-cells in 3D Tumor Microenvironment 2.3 Deformability Analysis of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Through the Microfluidic Unit 2.4 2D In-Vitro Characterization of Prostate Cancer Cells 2.5 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Integrity Measurement by a Novel Multi-frequency Trans-Endothelial Electrical Resistance (MTEER) Sensor Array 3 Discussion References Long Period Fiber Grating as Immunosensor: Picomolar Detection of Immunoglobulin G 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Results and Discussion 2.1 Fabrication of LPFG Sensor 2.2 Embedding of LPFG in the Closed Flow-Cell 2.3 SRI Sensitivity Analysis 2.4 Immunoassay 3 Conclusion References Potentialities and Key Design Challenges in Titanium Based Highly Dichroic Plasmonic Metasurfaces for Biosensing Applications 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Analysis 3 Fabrication Challenges 4 Conclusions References Chemical Sensors A New Carbon Dots-Eu(III) Complex as Red Emitting pH-Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Chemical, Materials, and Instrumentations 2.2 Carbon Dots (CDs) Preparation 2.3 Carbon Dots-Europium Coordination and Its pH Titration 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 CDs-Eu3+Coordination 3.2 CDs-Eu3+Complex as an Acidic pH Sensor 4 Conclusion References Assessing the Effect of NO2Pollution on Solar Irradiance 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Model 3 The Effect of PM2.5Concentration on Solar Radiation 4 Correlating NO2Concentration and Insolation Data 5 Conclusions References Blood Analysis by VOC Sensor Array for Environmental Exposure Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Evaporation Condensation Growth of One-Dimensional Metal Oxide at SENSOR Lab in Brescia for Chemical Sensors Applications 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures Using Evaporation Condensation Growth 3 One Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Chemical Sensors Applications 3.1 Working Mechanism 3.2 Chemical Sensing Results: Comparison Among Different Materials 4 Conclusion References Metal Oxide Gas Sensors from Design to Real Applications: The Case Study of TixSn1-xO2Solid Solutions 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Characterizations Results 4 Real Applications 4.1 CO Monitoring in Atmosphere 4.2 Monitoring of Analytes Concentration in Hydraulic Fluid Headspace References Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Films for Sensing Purpose 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Electrical and Thermal Characterization 3.2 Sensor Applications 4 Conclusion References Optical Fiber Sensors for the Detection of Metal Ions in Water 1 Introduction 2 Metal Ions SPR-POF Sensors 2.1 SPR-POF Probe 2.2 Copper(II) Sensor Based on SPR-POF Probe 2.3 Iron(III) Sensor Based on SPR-POF Probe 2.4 Uranyl Sensor Based on SPR-POF Probe 3 Conclusion References Optical Spectroscopy for Fingerprinting Food: A Photonic Tasting 1 Why Optical Spectroscopy for Food Analysis 2 Multivariate Processing of Spectroscopic Data 3 Raman Spectroscopy 4 Diffuse-Reflectance Absorption Spectroscopy 5 Low-Cost Pocket Spectrometer for Colorimetry and Scanning Fluorescence Spectroscopy 6 Smartphone-Connected Handheld Spectrometer 7 Conclusions References Porphyrinoids Functionalized Hybrid Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials for Gas-Sensing Applications 1 Introduction 2 Preparation of Hybrid Materials 3 Chemical Sensors References Role of Sensors for Volatile Chemicals in the Prevention of Occupational Diseases 1 Introduction 2 Incidence of Occupational Diseases from Chemical Agents 3 Types of Direct Reading Instruments 3.1 Instruments with Electrochemical Detectors 3.2 Ionization Detectors 3.3 Spectrochemical Monitors 3.4 Photometric Monitors 3.5 Thermochemical Monitors 3.6 Gas Chromatographs 4 Evaluation of the Performances of Direct Reading Monitors 5 The Project INAIL BRIC ID7-2019 6 Conclusions References ST Sensor for Volatile Organic Compound Fingerprint Discovery and R2C Based Classification 1 Introduction 1.1 MOS Gas Sensors 2 ST MOS Gas Sensor 3 Materials and Methods 4 R2C: Shapes at Different Gas Concentrations 5 Conclusions References Suitably Functionalised Gold Nanoparticles as Heavy Metals Sensors Transducers Based on Carbonic Anhydras 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials and Methods 2.2 Immobilization of AuNPs on Functionalized Substrate 2.3 Characterization Techniques 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles Deposition and Characterization 3.2 Thickness Estimation and Chemical Characterization of PDA Film 3.3 Study of Enzyme Immobilization 4 Conclusions References New Applications of Conductometric Gas Sensors: Quo Vadis? 1 Introduction 2 Projects at Sensor Lab 2.1 The ADAS+ Project 2.2 The EOLO Project 2.3 The 4FRAILTY Project 3 Remarks References Study of a Low Cost and Wearable Gas Sensor for Safety of Workers and Workplaces 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 The Gas Sensor Prototype 2.2 The Gas Sensor Characterization System and Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Carbon Monoxide 3.2 Methane 3.3 Humidity Interference 4 Conclusions References Chemoresistors Based on MoS2for Humidity Sensing 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Physical Sensors 3D Palmprint Recognition Through Ultrasound Imaging 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Set-Up 3 Feature Extraction 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions and Discussion References A Fully Integrated On-Skin RFID EMG Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 RFID-EMG Sensor Board 2.2 Numerical Electromagnetic Analysis 2.3 Electromagnetic Measurements 2.4 EMG Measurements 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References A Novel Tactile Sensing System for Robotic Tactile Perception of Object Properties 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Description of the System 4 Experimental Setup 4.1 Hardware Setup 4.2 Construction of Datasets 4.3 Classifiers 5 Results 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Characterization of MEMS Inertial Measurement Unit Package with Digital Image Correlation 1 Introduction 2 Package Concept: BGA with Metal Can 2.1 Design and Structure 3 Mechanical and Thermomechanical Modeling 4 Digital Image Correlation Setup and Test 5 Measurement and Correlation Versus FEM Analysis 6 Conclusion References Convergence Method to Implement Efficient and Reliable Poling Routine 1 Introduction 2 Experimental and Results 2.1 Sensible Variables Set 2.2 Sequence of Analysis 2.3 Equipment, Characterizations and Test Matrix 2.4 Results 3 Conclusion References Distributed Static and Dynamic Strain Measurements in Polymer Optical Fibers 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Results 3 Conclusions References Energy Harvesting Techniques for Sensory Glove Systems 1 Introduction 2 Harvesting Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Field Emission from Graphene Layers 1 Introduction 2 Field Emission 3 Experiment 4 Conclusion References Green, Homogeneous Solution for BZT-BCT Thin Film Deposition 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Precursor Solution Synthesis and Characterization 2.2 Thin Films Deposition and Characterization 3 Results 3.1 Precursor Solution 3.2 Thin Films Physical and Electrical Characterization 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Implementing a Bluetooth EMG System Comprising a Subcutaneous Sensor and the Associated Transceiver 1 Introduction 2 Materials 3 System Implementation 3.1 Device Connection 3.2 Data Acquisition (Slave) 3.3 BLE Data Transfer 3.4 Signal Reconstruction with PWM (Master) 4 Conclusion References Low Angle Bending Detection Semi-transparent Piezoresistive Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Material 2.1 Specimen Setting-Up 2.2 Automatic Angle Measurement 3 Methods 3.1 Inkjet Printing of Silver Electrodes 3.2 Resistance Measurements 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Machine Learning-Based Anomaly Prediction for Smart Manufacturing 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Machine Tool System 2.2 Surface Deformation Features 2.3 Predictive Model for Abnormal Deformations 2.4 Experimental Datasets 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Modeling of an Organic Thin Film Transistor as Temperature Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods and Results 3 Analytical Model and Discussion 4 Conclusion References No-Load Transformers: Vibration Spectra Analysis by Deep Learning Methods for Loose Windings Detection 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Set up 2.1 Test Transformer 2.2 Vibration Sensing System and Data 3 Neural Network Analysis of No-Load Vibration Spectra 3.1 No-Load Condition: Training and Testing Classifier on Single Sensor Position 3.2 No-Load Condition: Extension to All Positions of a Specific Area on the Tank 3.3 No-Load Condition: Training Against Data from Excluded Positions 3.4 No-Load Condition: Discussion on Least Number of Sensors 4 Conclusion References Optical Readout Techniques for Smart Detection of Fluids in the Near Infrared Wavelength Region by Means of Rectangular Glass Micro-capillaries 1 Introduction 2 Rectangular Micro-capillaries Exploited as Optical Resonators for Non-specific Sensing 2.1 Refractive Index Sensing Based on T/R Spectral Shift Monitoring 2.2 Refractive Index Sensing Based on Interferometric Detection of Optical Resonances: Spectral Phase Shift Monitoring 3 Exploitation of Micro-capillaries for Specific Sensing Based on NIR Absorption Spectroscopy 4 Conclusions References Piezoelectric MEMS for Sensors, Actuators and Energy Harvesting 1 Preface 2 Introduction 3 Piezoelectric MEMS as Sensors and Actuators 3.1 Contactless Interrogation of Resonant Microsensors 3.2 Acoustic Wave Microactuators 4 Energy Harvesting from Vibrations 5 Conclusions References PZT Membrane for Particles (PM) Detection, Autocleaning Issue 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results 4 Autocleaning 5 Conclusion References Polymeric Slot Waveguide Phase Shifter with Liquid Crystal Cladding: Numerical Modeling and Fabrication Flow 1 Introduction 2 Scheme and Working Principle 3 Fabrication Process Flow 4 Waveguide Modeling and Numerical Analysis 5 Conclusions References S. A. L. V. O.: Towards a Smart Personal Protective Equipment 1 Introduction 2 Device Concept 3 Embedded Technologies 4 S. A. L. V. O.: The First Prototype 5 Conclusions References Sensor and Actuator Electronic System for Active Hand Pose Sensing 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Sensors and Interfaces for Structural Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 System Operation 3 System Description 3.1 Nodes Description 3.2 Microcontroller Description 4 Experimental Set-up 5 Results 6 Conclusion References SiGe Signal Source for Terahertz Camera 1 Introduction 2 Technology Selection 3 Design Architecture 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Video-Based Contactless Mood Detection Combining Heart Rate and Facial Expressions 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Pre-processing 2.2 Heart Rate Estimation 2.3 Facial Expression Recognition 2.4 Mood Detection 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Miniaturized Wearable Optical Silicon Sensor for PPG Measurements 1 Introduction 2 Photoplethysmography 3 Material and Methods 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Technologies for the Development of Polymeric Sensors 1 Introduction 2 The Accelerometer as Case Studies 2.1 An InkJet Printed Accelerometer 2.2 The MEMS Accelerometer 2.3 The Bacterial Cellulose-Based Accelerometer 3 Conclusion References Electronics and Sensor Systems A Ladder Network Theoretical Approach for the Automatic Monitoring of Distributed Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Experimental Assessment of Moving Targets Localization Performance Based on Angle of Arrival and RSSI 1 Introduction and Related Work 2 Proposed Localization Methods 2.1 Angle of Arrival 2.2 Received Signal Strength Indication 2.3 Locate the Target 3 System Architecture 4 Experimental Assessment 4.1 Setup 4.2 Experimental Methods. 4.3 Evaluation Metrics 5 Results 5.1 Localization 5.2 Evaluation Metrics 6 Conclusion References Exploiting Wideband Ultrasonic Signal Reception Trough Spiral-ShapedPVDF Sensors and Second Generation Voltage Conveyors 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Conclusions References ORION ADC: A 12-ENOB Event-Triggered Incremental Converter for X and γ Rays Detection in Space 1 Introduction 2 ORION ADC Specifications 3 ORION ADC Design Description 4 ORION ADC Measurements Results and Conclusions References Smart Multifunctional Panel for Industry 4.0 1 Introduction 2 Panel Characteristics 3 Sensors Definition 4 Sensor Network Design and Tests References Time Continuous VCII-Based Fully Analog Interface for Differential Capacitive Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Conclusions References Towards Scalable, Interoperable and Replicable Smart City Platform for Urban Application: The ENEA Experience 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Works 2.1 Interoperability 3 ENEA Experience: Smart City Platform 3.1 Open Data: UrbanDataset 3.2 ENEA Platform Interoperability 3.3 Scalability 3.4 Replicability 4 SCP-Template for SCP-Full and SCP-Light 5 SCP-COGITO as Application Case 6 Conclusions References Wireless Networks of Commercial Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Sensing Approaches 2.1 Indoor Air Quality 2.2 Outdoor Air Quality 2.3 Plant Monitoring 2.4 Wild Animal Monitoring 3 Communication Technologies 4 Conclusion References Author Index