Sensor technology handbook $c

Without sensors most electronic applications would not exist-they perform a vital function, namely providing an interface to the real world. The importance of sensors, however, contrasts with the limited information available on them. Today's smart sensors, wireless sensors, and microtechnologies are revolutionizing sensor design and applications. This volume is an up-to-date and comprehensive sensor reference guide to be used by engineers and scientists in industry, research, and academia to help with their sensor selection and system design. It is filled with hard-to-find information, contributed by noted engineers and companies working in the field today. The book will offer guidance on selecting, specifying, and using the optimum sensor for any given application. The editor-in-chief, Jon Wilson, has years of experience in the sensor industry and leads workshops and seminars on sensor-related topics. In addition to background information on sensor technology, measurement, and data acquisition, the handbook provides detailed information on each type of sensor technology, covering:· technology fundamentals· sensor types, w/ advantages/disadvantages· manufacturers· selecting and specifying sensors· applicable standards (w/ urls of related web sites)· interfacing information, with hardware and software info· design techniques and tips, with design examples· latest and future developmentsThe handbook also contains information on the latest MEMS and nanotechnology sensor applications. In addition, a CD-ROM will accompany the volume containing a fully searchable pdf version of the text, along with various design tools and useful software. \*The only comprehensive book on sensors available!\*Jam-packed with over 800 pages of techniques and tips, detailed design examples, standards, hardware and software interfacing information, and manufacturer pros/cons to help make the best sensor selection for any design\*Covers sensors from A to Z- from basic technological fundamentals, to cutting-edge info. on the latest MEMS and the hottest nanotechnology applications Cover......Page 1 Half Title Page......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 10 1.1 Basic Sensor Technology......Page 12 1.2 Sensor Systems......Page 26 2. Application Considerations......Page 32 2.2 System Characteristics......Page 33 2.3 Instrument Selection......Page 34 2.5 Installation......Page 37 3. Measurement Issues and Criteria......Page 40 4.1 Conditioning Bridge Circuits......Page 42 4.2 Amplifiers for Signal Conditioning......Page 56 4.3 Analog to Digital Converters for Signal Conditioning......Page 103 4.4 Signal Conditioning High Impedance Sensors......Page 119 References......Page 147 5.2 Technology Fundamentals......Page 148 5.3 Selecting and Specifying Accelerometers......Page 161 5.4 Applicable Standards......Page 164 5.5 Interfacing and Designs......Page 166 References and Resources......Page 170 6.1 Overview: What Is a Biosensor?......Page 172 6.2 Applications of Biosensors......Page 175 6.3 Origin of Biosensors......Page 179 6.4 Bioreceptor Molecules......Page 180 6.5 Transduction Mechanisms in Biosensors......Page 182 6.6 Application Range of Biosensors......Page 184 6.7 Future Prospects......Page 188 References......Page 190 7.1 Technology Fundamentals......Page 192 7.2 Applications......Page 199 Summary......Page 202 8.1 Introduction......Page 204 8.2 Capacitive Sensors......Page 205 8.3 Inductive Sensors......Page 207 8.4 Capacitive and Inductive Sensor Types......Page 209 8.5 Selecting and Specifying Capacitive and Inductive Sensors......Page 211 8.6 Comparing Capacitive and Inductive Sensors......Page 214 8.7 Applications......Page 215 8.8 Latest Developments......Page 232 Resources......Page 233 9.2 Electromagnetism and Inductance......Page 234 9.3 Sensor Applications......Page 237 9.4 Magnetic Field Sensors......Page 243 9.5 Summary......Page 246 10.1 Methods for Measuring Flow......Page 248 10.2 Selecting Flow Sensors......Page 257 10.3 Installation and Maintenance......Page 258 10.4 Recent Advances in Flow Sensors......Page 260 10.5 Level Sensors......Page 261 10.6 Applicable Standards......Page 265 11.2 Quartz Sensors......Page 266 11.3 Strain Gage Sensors......Page 273 References and Resources......Page 280 12.2 Sensor Types and Technologies......Page 282 12.3 Selecting and Specifying Humidity Sensors......Page 286 12.4 Applicable Standards......Page 290 12.5 Interfacing and Design Information......Page 291 References and Resources......Page 295 13.1 Introduction......Page 296 13.2 Technology Fundamentals......Page 299 13.3 Accelerometer Types......Page 302 13.4 Selecting Industrial Accelerometers......Page 305 13.5 Applicable Standards......Page 314 13.7 Sensor Manufacturers......Page 315 13.8 References and Resources......Page 316 14.1 Photosensors......Page 318 14.2 Thermal Infrared Detectors......Page 328 15.1 Contact and Non-contact Position Sensors......Page 332 15.2 String Potentiometer and String Encoder Engineering Guide......Page 381 15.3 Linear and Rotary Position and Motion Sensors......Page 390 15.4 Selecting Position and Displacement Transducers......Page 412 Resources......Page 419 Sources......Page 420 16.1 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensing......Page 422 16.2 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors......Page 444 References and Resources......Page 467 17.1 Technology Fundamentals......Page 468 17.2 Sensor Types, Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 470 17.3 Selecting and Specifying......Page 472 17.4 Applicable Standards......Page 484 17.5 Interfacing Information......Page 485 17.6 Design Techniques and Tips, with Examples......Page 489 References......Page 491 18.1 Measurement Microphone Characteristics......Page 492 18.2 Common Microphone Types......Page 493 18.3 Traditional Condenser Microphone Design......Page 494 18.5 Frequency Response......Page 495 18.6 Limitations on Measurement Range......Page 501 18.7 Effect of Environmental Conditions......Page 502 18.8 Microphone Standards......Page 503 18.9 Specialized Microphone Types......Page 505 18.10 Calibration......Page 508 18.11 Major Manufacturers of Test and Measurement Microphones......Page 510 References and Resources......Page 511 19.1 Introduction to Strain Gages......Page 512 19.2 Strain-Gage Based Measurements......Page 522 19.3 Strain Gage Sensor Installations......Page 533 20.1 Sensor Types and Technologies......Page 542 20.2 Selecting and Specifying Temperature Sensors......Page 546 20.3 Applicable Standards......Page 560 20.4 Interfacing and Design Information......Page 564 References and Resources......Page 572 21. Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors: Possibilities, Realities, and Applications......Page 574 21.1 Possibilities......Page 575 21.2 Realities......Page 577 21.3 Applications......Page 578 23.4 Summary......Page 582 References......Page 583 For Further Reading......Page 584 22.1 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 586 22.2 Individual Wireless Sensor Node Architecture......Page 587 22.3 Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture......Page 588 22.4 Radio Options for the Physical Layer in Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 591 22.5 Power Consideration in Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 594 22.6 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 596 References......Page 599 Typical “Initial Cost” Purchase Analysis......Page 602 What’s Missing......Page 603 Conclusion......Page 605 References and Resources:......Page 606 4. What is P1451.4?......Page 608 6. What data is carried in 1451.4 TEDS?......Page 609 8. What is Plug and Play?......Page 610 9. Honeywell Sensotec ‘Sig Cal’ and IEEE 1451.4......Page 611 Table of Basic and Derived SI Units......Page 612 Conversion Factors......Page 614 Electrical Units......Page 616 Numerical Prefixes......Page 617 Appendix D: Physical Constants......Page 618 Dielectric Constants and Strengths......Page 626 Appendix F: Index of Refraction......Page 628 Appendix G: Engineering Material Properties......Page 630 Table of Total Emissivity......Page 636 Appendix I: Physical Properties of Some Typical Liquids......Page 640 Appendix J: Speed of Sound in Various Bulk Media......Page 642 Appendix K: Batteries......Page 644 Temperatures (°C) of Some Physical Phenomena......Page 646 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF......Page 648 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 649 Contributing Companies......Page 658 ACCELERATION......Page 666 ACOUSTIC......Page 667 BIOMEDICAL / BIOSENSORS......Page 668 CHEMICAL / GAS......Page 669 DISPLACEMENT......Page 671 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES......Page 674 FLOW......Page 675 FORCE, LOAD AND WEIGHT......Page 677 HUMIDITY......Page 678 LEVEL......Page 680 OPTICAL......Page 681 POSITION AND MOTION......Page 682 PRESSURE......Page 684 SHOCK......Page 686 STRAIN......Page 687 TEMPERATURE......Page 688 TORQUE......Page 690 VIBRATION......Page 691 Subject Index......Page 694 Sensor Technology Index......Page 701 Without sensors most electronic applications would not exist—they perform a vital function, namely providing an interface to the real world. The importance of sensors, however, contrasts with the limited information available on them. Today's smart sensors, wireless sensors, and microtechnologies are revolutionizing sensor design and applications. This volume is an up-to-date and comprehensive sensor reference guide to be used by engineers and scientists in industry, research, and academia to help with their sensor selection and system design. It is filled with hard-to-find information, contributed by noted engineers and companies working in the field today. The book will offer guidance on selecting, specifying, and using the optimum sensor for any given application. The editor-in-chief, Jon Wilson, has years of experience in the sensor industry and leads workshops and seminars on sensor-related topics.

In addition to background information on sensor technology, measurement, and data acquisition, the handbook provides detailed information on each type of sensor technology, covering:
· technology fundamentals
· sensor types, w/ advantages/disadvantages
· manufacturers
· selecting and specifying sensors
· applicable standards (w/ urls of related web sites)
· interfacing information, with hardware and software info
· design techniques and tips, with design examples
· latest and future developments

The handbook also contains information on the latest MEMS and nanotechnology sensor applications. In addition, a CD-ROM will accompany the volume containing a fully searchable pdf version of the text, along with various design tools and useful software.

*The only comprehensive book on sensors available!

*Jam-packed with over 800 pages of techniques and tips, detailed design examples, standards, hardware and software interfacing information, and manufacturer pros/cons to help make the best sensor selection for any design

*Covers sensors from A to Z- from basic technological fundamentals, to cutting-edge info. on the latest MEMS and the hottest nanotechnology applications Without sensors most electronic applications would not existthey perform a vital function, namely providing an interface to the real world. The importance of sensors, however, contrasts with the limited information available on them. Today's smart sensors, wireless sensors, and microtechnologies are revolutionizing sensor design and applications. This volume is an up-to-date and comprehensive sensor reference guide to be used by engineers and scientists in industry, research, and academia to help with their sensor selection and system design. It is filled with hard-to-find information, contributed by noted engineers and companies working in the field today. The book will offer guidance on selecting, specifying, and using the optimum sensor for any given application. The editor-in-chief, Jon Wilson, has years of experience in the sensor industry and leads workshops and seminars on sensor-related topics. In addition to background information on sensor technology, measurement, and data acquisition, the handbook provides detailed information on each type of sensor technology, covering: technology fundamentals sensor types, w/ advantages/disadvantages manufacturers selecting and specifying sensors applicable standards (w/ urls of related web sites) interfacing information, with hardware and software info design techniques and tips, with design examples latest and future developments The handbook also contains information on the latest MEMS and nanotechnology sensor applications. In addition, a CD-ROM will accompany the volume containing a fully searchable pdf version of the text, along with various design tools and useful software. *The only comprehensive book on sensors available! *Jam-packed with over 800 pages of techniques and tips, detailed design examples, standards, hardware and software interfacing information, and manufacturer pros/cons to help make the best sensor selection for any design *Covers sensors from A to Z- from basic technological fundamentals, to cu tting-edge info. on the latest MEMS and the hottest nanotechnology applications Without Sensors Most Electronic Applications Would Not Exist—they Perform A Vital Function, Namely Providing An Interface To The Real World. The Importance Of Sensors, However, Contrasts With The Limited Information Available On Them. Today's Smart Sensors, Wireless Sensors, And Microtechnologies Are Revolutionizing Sensor Design And Applications. This Volume Is A Comprehensive Sensor Reference Guide To Be Used By Engineers And Scientists In Industry, Research, And Academia To Help With Their Sensor Selection And System Design. It Is Filled With Hard-to-find Information, Contributed By Noted Engineers And Companies Working In The Field Today. The Book Offers Guidance On Selecting, Specifying, And Using The Optimum Sensor For Any Given Application. The Editor-in-chief, Jon Wilson, Has Years Of Experience In The Sensor Industry And Leads Workshops And Seminars On Sensor-related Topics. In Addition To Background Information On Sensor Technology, Measurement, And Data Acquisition, The Handbook Provides Detailed Information On Each Type Of Sensor Technology, Covering: · Technology Fundamentals · Sensor Types, W/ Advantages/disadvantages · Manufacturers · Selecting And Specifying Sensors · Applicable Standards (w/ Urls Of Related Web Sites) · Interfacing Information, With Hardware And Software Info · Design Techniques And Tips, With Design Examples · Latest And Future Developments The Handbook Also Contains Information On The Latest Mems And Nanotechnology Sensor Applications. Jam-packed With Over 800 Pages Of Techniques And Tips, Detailed Design Examples, Standards, Hardware And Software Interfacing Information, And Manufacturer Pros/cons To Help Make The Best Sensor Selection For Any Design Covers Sensors From A To Z- From Basic Technological Fundamentals, To Cutting-edge Info. On The Latest Mems And The Hottest Nanotechnology Applications Sensor fundamentals Application considerations Measurement issues and criteria Sensor signal conditioning Acceleration, shock and vibration sensors Biosensors Chemical sensors Capacitive and inductive displacement sensors Electromagnetism in sensing Flow and level sensors Force, load and weight sensors Humidity sensors Machinery vibration monitoring sensors Optical and radiation sensors Position and motion sensors Pressure sensors Sensors for mechanical shock Test and measurement microphones Strain gages Temperature sensors Nanotechnology-enabled sensors Wireless sensor networks: principles and applications.