Semitic and Indo-European : Volume I: The Principal Etymologies. With observations on Afro-Asiatic

This volume presents the key examples of morphological correspondences between Indo-European and Semitic languages, afforded by nouns, verbal roots, pronouns, prepositions, and numerals. Its focus is on shared morphology embodied in the cognate vocabulary. The facts that are brought out in this volume do not fit comfortably within either the Indo-Europeanists’ or the Semitists’ conception of the prehistoric development of their languages. Nonetheless they are so fundamental that many would take them for evidence of a single original source, ‘Proto-Nostratic’. In this book, however, it is considered unsettled whether proto-IE and proto-Semitic had a common forerunner. But the IE-Semitic combinations testify at least to prehistoric language communities in truly intimate contact. SEMITIC AND INDO-EUROPEAN: THE PRINCIPAL ETYMOLOGIES WITH OBSERVATIONS ON AFRO-ASIATIC......Page 3 PREFACE......Page 7 CONTENTS......Page 11 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS......Page 15 INTRODUCTION......Page 23 I NON-VERBAL NOUNS AND THEIR INFLECTIONS......Page 35 1.A. Sem. (Arabic) {ƥawran} : IE(Gr.) ταῦρον 'bull'......Page 36 1.B. IE (Latin) cornu(m) : Sem. (Akk.) {qarnu(m)} 'horn'......Page 51 1.C. Sem. (Heb.) {ˀόzεn} : IE (OldHigh German) [ˀ]oren 'ear' {ʕáyin} : (OldEnglish) [ˀ]e(a)gan 'eye' {ʕέcem} : (Skt.) {asthán} 'bone'......Page 56 1.D. IE (Gr.) δίδυμοι : Sem. (Aram.) {taˀuwmey} 'twins'......Page 66 1.E. IE (Skt.) {víṭ} : Sem. (Akk.) {bi-it} 'house' (Avestan) {vaēsǝm} : (Heb.) {b̄áy(ǝ)t̄ɔh̄} 'home(ward)' (Gr.) ϝοίκα|δέ : {b̄ɔ̋y(ǝ)t̄ɔh̄}......Page 73 1.F. Sem. (Arabic) {ˀarḍan} : IE (Old English) [ˀ]eorðan 'earth' (Heb.) {ˀɔr(ǝ)cɔh̄} : (Gr.) ἔραζε 'earthward'......Page 80 1.G. Sem. (Heb.) {ˀăd̄ɔm|ɔ́h̄} : IE (Gr.) χθών 'earth, ground' (Aram.) {ˀadæmt-} : (German) grund (Heb.) {ˀɔd̄ɔ́m} : (Middle English) g(r)om 'man'......Page 88 1.H. Sem. (Arabic) {(ˀ)isman} : IE (Ch. Slavonic) {imẽ} 'name' (Aram.) {šæmɔhɔn} : (Avestan) {nāmãn} 'names'......Page 99 1.I. Sem. (Aram.) {Hæqley} : IE (Latin) AGREI 'fields': Sem. (Heb.) {Hac(ǝ)réy} 'enclosures'......Page 108 1.J. IE (Skt.) {gárbham} : Sem. (Akk.) {qerbam} 'womb' (Arabic) {qalban} 'heart'......Page 115 1.K. Sem. (Geʕez) {gwǝrn} 'threshing floor': IE (OEng.) cweorn 'quern'......Page 117 1.L. Sem. (Geʕez) {ʕǝgwl} 'young animal' : IE (Latin) agnum 'lamb' (Heb.) {kiś(ǝ)b̄ot̄} : (OHG) kilbur 'ewe-lambs' (Arabic) {jadyan} : (Latin) haedum 'kid'......Page 127 1.M. Sem. (Heb.) {ˀăt̄o(w)nó(w)t̄} : IE (Latin) asinōs 'asses' IE (Gr.) χίμαρον 'winterling goat': Sem. (Arabic) (Himāran} 'ass'......Page 141 1.N. Recapitulation of Morphology......Page 148 2.A. Biconsonantal IE (Gr.) (-)φ(-)ρ(-) : Sem, (Heb.) {(-)P(-)r(-)} 'bear' Sem. {(-)ˁ(-)l(-)} : IE (Latin) al- '(go or raise) up'......Page 153 2.C. Biconsonantal Sem. {(-)q(-)n(-)} : IE (-)g(-)n(-) '(be)get' (Akk.) {kimi} : (Gr.) -γεμε 'seize'......Page 168 2.D. Biconsonantal Sem. {(-)h(-)w(-)} : IE (Skt.) {(־)bhav/ū} 'be' (Heb.) {(-)h(-)y(-)} : (Latin) (-)fī̆(-)......Page 171 2.E. Bi- or triconsonantal IE (Gr.) ζῆ : Sem. (Heb.) {-Hyéh̄} 'live' βίος 'life': {-Hyówt̄} '(to) live' (Skt.) {jīvā́} 'living': (Aram.) {Heywɔ́h̄} 'animal'......Page 175 2.F. Biconsonantal Sem. (Heb.) {bɔ́ˀ} : IE (Gr.) βᾶ 'he came'......Page 178 2.G. Biconsonantal IE (Gr.) (-)δ(-)μ(-) : Sem. {(-)b(-)n(-)} 'build' βωμ- : (Heb.) {bɔm-} 'altar' (-)ν(-)μ(-) : {(-)m(-)n(-)} 'count'......Page 183 2.H. Bi- or triconsonantal IE (Gr.) χρᾶ/ῆ : Sem. (Heb.) {qǝrɔ́ˀ} 'call' (-)χρα- : {(-)q(-)r(-ˀ)} 'befall'......Page 193 2.1. Triconsonantal IE (Gr.) καὶ ἔτλη 'and he endured' : Sem. (Heb.) *{wayyit̄lέh̄} 'and he hung'......Page 199 2.J. Bi- or triconsonantal Sem. (Heb.) {mɔ́lúw} : IE (Gr.) πολυ- 'full (-ful)' {mǝlɔ́ˀ} : (Latin) -plē 'fill'......Page 201 2.K. Triconsonantal IE (Gr.) δολιχή, (Avestan) {darǝḡa},(Lith.) ilgà : Sem. (Heb.) {ˀɔrǝk̄ɔ́h̄} 'long' (Gr.) -δελεχ- : {ˀέrεk̄}......Page 210 2.L. Biconsonantal (-)p-T- 'open' Triconsonantal IE (Gr.) πτερά : Sem (Heb.) {ˀεb̄rɔ́h̄} 'wing( s), feather(s)'......Page 213 2.M. Triconsonantal {br-K-} 'wet, drench'......Page 220 2.N. Triconsonantal IE (Skt.) {bhrāṭ} : Sem. (Aram.) {bǝraq} 'flashed' (Russian) {sneg) : (Heb.) {-šléḡ} 'snow'......Page 225 2.O. Tricons. Sem. (Heb.) {gǝnèb̄ɔt̄-} : IE (Gr.) κλέπος 'stolen thing' {gǝnu̩b̄(ǝ)t̄íy} 'stolen' : κρυψι- 'hiding, hidden'......Page 236 2.P. Tricons. Sem. {(-)T(-)r(-)P(-)} : IE(Gr.) (-)δρ-π/φ- 'tear, pluck'......Page 242 2. Q. Triconsonantal Sem. (Heb.) {(-)ˀ(-)h-b̄(-)} : IE (Gr.) ἀγαπ- 'love' {(-)r(-)H(-)m(-)} 'love' : (Skt.) {rām|am} 'lovely'......Page 244 2.R. Tricons. IE (Gr.) ἀγ-ρ- : Sem. (Arabic) {(-)H(-)š(-)r(-)} 'gather' ἀγορή : (Heb.) {ˁăcɔrɔ́h̄} 'gathering' Sem. (Heb.) {ˁacɔ̋rεt̄} : IE(Gr.) ἑορτή 'holiday gathering' Biconsonantal IE (Gr.) ἄγε/ι : Sem. (Heb.) {ˁăśeh̄/iy} 'do'......Page 249 2.S. Biconsonantal IE (Gr.) (-)λε/οχ- : Sem. (Heb.) {-lέḡ-} 'lie'......Page 256 2.T. Triconsonantal {m-s/zk/g-} 'mix'......Page 259 2.U. Triconsonantal {(-)k(-)r(-)t(-)} 'cut, hew'......Page 261 2.V. Triconsonantal Sem. (Heb.) {Har(e)šé-} : IE (Gr.) χάρασσε 'incise' (Ugar.) {Hrƥt} : (Hitt.) {Ḫarašzi} 'he/she plows'......Page 265 2.W. Triconsonantal Sem. (Heb.) {(-)z(-)B(-)H(-)} : IE (Gr.) (-)σφαγ- 'slaughter'......Page 269 2.X. Bi- or tricons. Sem. (Heb.) {(-)Bowš(-)} : IE (Latin) pud- 'ashamed'......Page 272 2.Y. Triconsonantal Sem. (Heb.) {y/-w(-)r(-)ˀ(-)} : IE (Latin) u̯erē- 'fear'......Page 281 2.Z. Tricons. Sem. (Heb.) {wɔlɔd̄} 'child' : IE (Russian) {molod} 'young' IE (Russian) {moglá} : Sem, (Heb.) {yɔk̄ǝlɔ́h̄} 'she could'......Page 283 2.AA. Reduplicating Biconsonantal Sem. (Geʕez) {-kwarākwǝr, gergel} : IE (Latin) circus, circulus 'wheel, ring'......Page 294 2.BB. Tricons. IE (Skt.) {lih|a|ti } : Sem. (Arabic) {laʕiq|ati} 'licks/ed'......Page 297 2.CC. Tricons. Sem. (Arabic) {ˀanaHati} : IE (Skt.) {ániti} 'breathes/d'......Page 299 2.DD. Review of Root Consonants......Page 301 III PRONOUNS......Page 319 3.A. Sem. (Heb.) {(-ɔh̄ )ˀɔ̋niy} : IE (Skt.) {-āni} 'I'......Page 320 3.B. IE (Skt.) {nō, naḥ} : Sem. (Heb.) {-nuw}, (Arabic) {-nā} 'us, our'......Page 324 3.C. IE (Latin) tē : Sem, (Heb.) {TE-} 'you' (Skt.) {-tha} : [-thɔ]......Page 329 3.D. Sem. (Akk.) {šuāšu} : IE (Old English) swæs 'his own'......Page 347 3.E. Sem. (Heb.) {ˀo(w)t̄ów} 'him, it' : IE (Gr.) αὐτό 'it'......Page 351 3.F. Sem. (Heb.) {hazzέh̄} : IE(Gr.) ὅδε (ὁ δέ) 'this'......Page 367 3.G. Sem. (Aram.) {ˀillék̄} : IE (Latin) illic, illaec 'those'......Page 382 3.H. Concluding Remarks on Pronouns......Page 386 IV PREPOSITIONS......Page 388 4.A. Sem. (Heb.) {ˁéb̄er} 'across' : IE(OldEnglish) [ˀ]ofer > over......Page 389 4.B. IE (OHG) durec 'through' : Sem. (Heb.) {dέrεk̄} 'by way of' (OEng.) ðerh, ƥuruh......Page 399 4.C. Egyptian (Ḫnt(y)} : IE (Latin) ante 'in front of'......Page 404 4.D. IE (Gothic, Gr.) {ana} : Sem. (Akk.) {ana} '(up)on, to'......Page 409 4.E. Sem. (Eblaite, Akk.) {in} : IE (Latin, etc.) in (Heb.) {b̄in} : (Ch. Slavonic) [vǝn] 'in'......Page 412 4.F. Sem. (Heb., Aram.) {ˁad} : IE (Latin) ad 'to, until'......Page 415 4.G. Sem. (Akk.) (maḪri(š)} 'before' : IE (Gr.) μέχρι(ς) 'until'......Page 419 4.H. Concluding Remarks on Prepositions......Page 421 V NUMERALS......Page 423 5.A. Sem. (Aram.) {šét̄} :IE(Skt.) {ṣáṭ} 'six'(Heb.) {šέ/ɔ̋b̄aˁ} : (OEng.) seofon 'seven'......Page 424 5.B. The Displaced Numerals Sem. (Aram.) {tarey} 'two' : IE (Skt.) {trī, tráy|aḥ) 'three' (Heb.) {téšaˁ} 'nine' : {dáša}, (Gr.) δέκα 'ten'......Page 434 5.C. The More Problematical Displaced Numerals Sem. (Heb.) {šǝmonέh̄ } 'eight' : IE (Latin) nouem 'nine' {ˀarbáˁ} 'four': (Skt.) {páñča} 'five'......Page 446 5.D. Sem. (Heb.) {šéšεt̄} 'six' : IE (Latin) sexte 'sixth' (Aram.) {t/t̄(ǝ)lit̄ɔy(ɔˀ)} : (Gr.) τρίτωι, τριταῖο|ς 'third' {t/t̄altíy} : (Latin) tertī......Page 453 5.E. Sem. (Akk.) {ištēn} 'one' :IE (Skt.) {aṣṭá} 'eight'(Heb.) {ˁaštéy, ˁeśréh̄} 'eleven' {sa|hásram} 'a thousand'......Page 470 5.F. Egyptian {š(n)t} : IE (Skt.) {šatám} 'a hundred'......Page 473 5.G. IE (Gr.) ἀμφοῖ(ϊ)ν : Sem. (Heb.) {?app5yim} 'both'......Page 474 5.H. Concluding Remarks......Page 475 ADDENDA......Page 478 INDICES......Page 481 Index of Scholars......Page 482 Index of Languages......Page 485 Index of Grammatical or Linguistic Terms......Page 486 Index of Miscellaneous Topics ......Page 489 1. Akkadian......Page 491 4. Arabic......Page 492 5. Aramaic (including Syriac)......Page 495 9. Avestan......Page 497 18. Carian......Page 498 26. Cushitic......Page 499 33. Elamite......Page 500 34. English......Page 501 35. Estonian......Page 502 41. Geʕez......Page 503 43. Germanic......Page 504 45. Greek......Page 505 47. Hebrew......Page 510 53. Khmer......Page 517 54. Latin......Page 518 56. Linear Β......Page 520 65. Oscan......Page 521 75. Russian......Page 522 76. Sanskrit......Page 523 85. Tigre......Page 525 93. Welsh......Page 526 5*. Proto-Indo-European......Page 527 6*. Proto-Semitic......Page 528 Index of English Glosses......Page 529