Semantik / Semantics : Ein Internationales Handbuch Der Zeitgenössischen Forschung. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research

During the past 20 years the investigation into meaning of natural languages has emerged into one of the most active disciplines in theoretical linguistics. The different traditions of linguistics, philosophy of language and philosophical logic converged in the paradigm of truth conditional semantics, which now plays a central role in the cognitive sciences. From empirical research in particular languages more principal questions arise of how the speaker succeeds in expressing particular types of meaning by use of formal combination of signs. The theories developed to cope with the question assume that for a hearer, the meaning of a complex expression must be "computable", and therefore, modern theoretical semantics uses formal algebraic methods to construct the meaning compositionally in view of syntactic structur. Furthermore, meaning need to be "anchored" in the experience available to hearer. In order to deal with this, theoretical semantics extensivly uses the concept of truth conditions, which roughly explain how a world must be structured in order to be matched by certain linguistic expressions. Semantic analyses are complemented by context theory and the theory of speech acts. Thus, linguistic meaning must be related to human cognitive capacities, and therefore, theoretical semantics is tightly connected with philosophical logic as well as cognitive sciences in general. The aim of this handbook is to represent the body of theoretical knowledge which has evolved in the international research of the last two decades. Some of the theories can now be termed "classical" in that they belong to the commonly accepted base of theoretical semantics. Other theories are still disputed, and there areproblems still to be solved - as normal in a more developed science. The authors, who are leading experts in the field of semantics, try to balance the accepted and the questionable results. It goes without saying that each author hold a particular position in this respect. Some articles are written in English, some in German. Since semantics is considered to be a subfield of linguistics, the articles are arranged due to linguistic points of view. In the first 5 chapters (comprising 15 articles) the common principles of semantics are presented: ontological foundations of semantics, composition of meaning, problems of use (context, speech acts, and lexical base of meaning. The next 5 chapters (comprising 25 articles) are concerned with semantic phenomena, theories and problems which are specific for a particular class of linguistic expressions. These are arranged according to parts of speech: nouns, functional categories, verbs, adjectives and so on.This division does not reflect a theoretical position by itself, however it allows one to recognize problems connected with one another. Some more general questions are discussed in more than one article, in different perspective and vicinity. The Handbook is complemented by a service article on formal methods in semantics, followed by a comprehensive bibliography including about 1700 entries, and both a subject and a name index. This handbook is indispensable for all research in linguistics and neighboring disciplines (philosophy of language, cognitive sciences). Some of the articles can serve as basic literature for classes of advanced students. Vorwort Preface I. Allgemeine Grundlagen General Foundations 1. John Lyons, Bedeutungstheorien (Theories of Meaning) 2. M. J. Cresswell, Basic Concepts of Semantics (Grundbegriffe der Seman¬tik) 3. Dieter Wunderlich, Bedeutung und Gebrauch (Meaning and Use) 4. Gisbert Fanselow/Peter Staudacher, Wortsemantik (Word Semantics) II. Probleme der ontologischen Grundlegung: Welt versus Situation Problems of Ontological Foundation: World Versus Situation 5. M. J. Cresswell, Die Weltsituation (The World Situation) 6. John Barwise, Situationen und kleine Welten (Situations and Small Worlds) III. Theorie der Satzsemantik Theory of Sentence Semantics 7. Arnim von Stechow, Syntax und Semantik (Syntax and Semantics) 8. M. J. Cresswell, Syntax and Semantics of Categorial Languages (Syntax and Semantik kategorialer Sprachen) IV. Kontexttheorie Context Theory 9. Thomas Ede Zimmermann, Kontextabhängigkeit (Context Dependence) 10. Ulrike Haas-Spohn, Kontextveränderung (Context Change) 11. Manfred Pinkal, Vagheit und Ambiguität (Vagueness and Ambiguity) V. Semantische Grundlagen der Sprechakte Semantic Foundations of Speech Acts 12. Günther Grewendorf/Dietmar Zaefferer, Theorien der Satzmodi (Theo¬ries of Sentence Mood) 13. Pieter A. M. Seuren, Präsuppositionen (Presuppositions) 14. Andreas Kemmerling, Implikatur (Implicature) 15. Rainer Bäuerle/Thomas E. Zimmermann, Fragesätze (Interrogatives) VI. Nominalsemantik Nominal Semantics 16. Jean-Yves Lerner/Thomas E. Zimmermann, Eigennamen (Proper Nouns) 17. Greg N. Carlson, Natural Kinds and Common Nouns (Natürliche Arten und Allgemeinnamen) 18. Manfred Krifka, Massennomina (Mass Nouns) 19. Godehard Link, Plural (Plural) 20. Veronika Ehrich, Nominalisierungen (Nominalizations) VII. Semantik der Funktionswörter Semantics of Functional Words 21. Jan van Eijck, Quantification (Quantoren) 22. Irene Heim, Artikel und Definitheit (Articles and Definiteness) 23. Tanya Reinhard, Pronouns (Pronomina) 24. Peter E. Pause, Anaphern im Text (Textual Anaphors) 25. Joachim Jacobs, Negation (Negation) 26. Ewald Lang, Koordinierende Konjunktionen (Coordinative Conjunctions) 27. Kjell Johan Sæbø, Causal and Purposive Clauses (Kausale und finale Nebensätze) 28. Ekkehard König, Konzessive Konjunktionen (Concessive Conjunctions) 29. Angelika Kratzer, Modality (Modalität) 30. Angelika Kratzer, Conditionals (Konditionale) VIII. Adjektivsemantik Adjectival Semantics 31. Cornelia Hamann, Adjectives (Adjektive) 32. Ewan Klein, Comparatives (Komparativ) IX. Verbalsemantik Verbal Semantics 33. Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Verbklassifikation (Classification of Verbs) 34. Rainer Bäuerle, Verben der propositionalen Einstellung (Propositional Attitude Verbs) 35. Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Tempus (Tense) 36. M. J. Cresswell, Adverbial Modification in γ-Categorial Languages (Adverbiale Modifikation) X. Residua: Präpositionen, Gradpartikeln, Fokus Residua: Prepositions, Degree Particles, Focus 37. Dieter Wunderlich/Michael Herweg, Lokale und Direktionale (Spatial and Directional Prepositions) 38. Ekkehard König, Gradpartikeln (Degree Particles) 39. Arnim von Stechow, Current Issues in the Theory of Focus (Probleme der Fokustheorie) 40. Angelika Kratzer, The Representation of Focus (Fokus-Repräsentation) XI. Service-Artikel Service-Article 41. Godehard Link, Formale Methoden in der Semantik (Formal Methods in Semantics) XII. Bibliographischer Anhang und Register Bibliographie Appendix and Indices 42. Bibliographie/Bibliography 43. Personenregister/Name Index 44. Sachregister/Subject Index During the past 20 years the investigation into meaning of natural languages has emerged into one of the most active disciplines in theoretical linguistics. The different traditions of linguistics, philosophy of language and philosophical logic converged in the paradigm of truth conditional semantics, which now plays a central role in the cognitive sciences. From empirical research in particular languages more principal questions arise of how the speaker succeeds in expressing particular types of meaning by use of formal combination of signs. The theories developed to cope with the question assume that for a hearer, the meaning of a complex expression must be "computable", and therefore, modern theoretical semantics uses formal algebraic methods to construct the meaning compositionally in view of syntactic structur. Furthermore, meaning need to be "anchored" in the experience available to hearer. In order to deal with this, theoretical semantics extensivly uses the concept of truth conditions, which roughly explain how a world must be structured in order to be matched by certain linguistic expressions. Semantic analyses are complemented by context theory and the theory of speech acts. Thus, linguistic meaning must be related to human cognitive capacities, and therefore, theoretical semantics is tightly connected with philosophical logic as well as cognitive sciences in general. The aim of this handbook is to represent the body of theoretical knowledge which has evolved in the international research of the last two decades. Some of the theories can now be termed "classical" in that they belong to the commonly accepted base of theoretical semantics. Other theories are still disputed, and there areproblems still to be solved - as normal in a more developed science. The authors, who are leading experts in the field of semantics, try to balance the accepted and the questionable results. It goes without saying that each author hold a particular position in this respect. Some articles are written in English, some in German. Since semantics is considered to be a subfield of linguistics, the articles are arranged due to linguistic points of view. In the first 5 chapters (comprising 15 articles) the common principles of semantics are presented: ontological foundations of semantics, composition of meaning, problems of use (context, speech acts, and lexical base of meaning. The next 5 chapters (comprising 25 articles) are concerned with semantic phenomena, theories and problems which are specific for a particular class of linguistic expressions. These are arranged according to parts of speech: nouns, functional categories, verbs, adjectives and so on. This division does not reflect a theoretical position by itself, however it allows one to recognize problems connected with one another. Some more general questions are discussed in more than one article, in different perspective and vicinity. The Handbook is complemented by a service article on formal methods in semantics, followed by a comprehensive bibliography including about 1700 entries, and both a subject and a name index. This handbook is indispensable for all research in linguistics and neighboring disciplines (philosophy of language, cognitive sciences). Some of the articles can serve as basic literature for classes of advanced students Main description: Das Anliegen diese Handbuches ist es, das in den beiden letzten Jahrzehnten internationaler Forschung erarbeitete Wissen in der Semantik in repräsentativer Weise darzustellen. Einige Theorien sind mittlerweile klassisch, d.h. gehören zu dem anerkannten Fundus linguistischen Wissens, das auch in der Zukunft Bestand haben wird. Andere Theorien sind heute noch umstritten; und es gibt - wie in jeder entwickelten Wissenschaft - einige Probleme, für die es bisher keine Lösungen gibt. Die Beiträge versuchen, sowohl das anerkannte wie auch das problematische Wissen in entsprechender Abwägung zu repräsentieren. Als Autoren wurden international führende Experten gewonnen, die in ihrem Beitrag auch ihre persönliche "Handschrift" erkennen lassen. Die Artikel sind teils in englisch und teils in deutsch verfaßt. Semantik wird von den Herausgebern als Disziplin der Sprachwissenschaft verstanden. Daher ist die Gliederung auch an linguistischen Gesichtspunkten orientiert. Die ersten 5 Kapitel stellen die gemeinsamen Grundlagen dar; ontologische Grundlegung der Semantik, kompositionaler Aufbau von Bedeutung, Probleme des Sprachgebrauchs (Kontexte, Sprechakte) und lexikalische Basis von Bedeutungen. In den folgenden 5 Kapiteln werden die Bedeutungsprobleme präsentiert, die sich aufgrund einzelner sprachlicher Phänomene stellen, zusammen mit den Theorien und offenen Fragen. Für die Ordnung der Sprachphänomene bietet sich die Einteilung nach den Wortarten und der durch sie bestimmten Satzteile dar, also Nomina, Funktionswörter, Verben, Adjektive usw. Mit dieser Einteilung selbst verbindet sich noch keine theoretische Position, sie erlaubt aber, zusammengehörige Problemkomplexe zu erkennen. Einige übergeordnete Fragestellungen treten dann in mehreren Artikeln, aber unter verschiedener Perspektive oder Nachbarschaft auf. Das Handbuch wird ergänzt durch einen Service-Artikel über formale Methoden in der Semantik, eine zusammenfassende Bibliographie von etwa 1700 Titeln sowie ein Sach- und ein Personenregister. Für die Forschung in Linguistik und Nachbarwissenschaften (Sprachphilosophie, Kognitionswissenschaften) ist das Handbuch unentbehrlich. Einzelne Artikel des Handbuches können auch Grundlage für Lehrveranstaltungen für Fortgeschrittene sein Main description: During the past 20 years the investigation into meaning of natural languages has emerged into one of the most active disciplines in theoretical linguistics. The different traditions of linguistics, philosophy of language and philosophical logic converged in the paradigm of truth conditional semantics, which now plays a central role in the cognitive sciences. From empirical research in particular languages more principal questions arise of how the speaker succeeds in expressing particular types of meaning by use of formal combination of signs. The theories developed to cope with the question assume that for a hearer, the meaning of a complex expression must be "computable", and therefore, modern theoretical semantics uses formal algebraic methods to construct the meaning compositionally in view of syntactic structur. Furthermore, meaning need to be "anchored" in the experience available to hearer. In order to deal with this, theoretical semantics extensivly uses the concept of truth conditions, which roughly explain how a world must be structured in order to be matched by certain linguistic expressions. Semantic analyses are complemented by context theory and the theory of speech acts. Thus, linguistic meaning must be related to human cognitive capacities, and therefore, theoretical semantics is tightly connected with philosophical logic as well as cognitive sciences in general. The aim of this handbook is to represent the body of theoretical knowledge which has evolved in the international research of the last two decades. Some of the theories can now be termed "classical" in that they belong to the commonly accepted base of theoretical semantics. Other theories are still disputed, and there areproblems still to be solved - as normal in a more developed science. The authors, who are leading experts in the field of semantics, try to balance the accepted and the questionable results. It goes without saying that each author hold a particul Herausgegeben Von Arnim Von Stechow, Dieter Wunderlich = Semantics : An International Handbook Of Contemporary Research / Edited By Arnim Von Stechow, Dieter Wunderlich. German And English. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [861]-908) And Indexes.