Self-Management in Chronic Illness : Principles, Practice, and Empowerment Strategies for Better Health

"Self-management is a term that was used as early as the 1960s when it was applied during the rehabilitation of chronically ill children. Subsequently, self-management was applied as formalized programs for a variety of populations and health issues. In reflecting on self-management, it is important to note that it would be difficult for individuals not to be aware of their specific health behaviors, which could include unhealthy behaviors. As self-management has evolved, essential skills identified include behavioral modeling, decision making, planning, social persuasion, locating, accessing and utilizing resources, assisting individuals to form partnerships with their health care providers and taking action. These are key skills that would benefit health professional educators, clinicians and patients. This book, consisting of three parts, provides insights into the aspects of self-management as it relates to its definition and application. It highlights how self-management can be applied to various long-term health conditions, for different populations or target groups and in different contexts. The text provides an overview of self-management and the rationale for its applications by illustrating its use in specific clinical conditions and in different sub-populations and target groups. Academics can use the book as a textbook when teaching postgraduate and undergraduate students about self-management as a technique to facilitate community reintegration for individuals living with long-term conditions. It can also be used by clinicians to enhance their management of individuals with long-term conditions. Furthermore, researchers can use the text to expand and support their research in this area"--Publisher's description Preface Self-Management: An Empowering Strategy for Health Contents Contributors Part I: Understanding Self-Management Chapter 1: Overview of Self-Management Overview Chapter 1: Overview of the chapters Chapter 2: The Case for Self-Management Chapter 3: Self-Management and Spinal Cord Injuries Chapter 4: Self-Management and Diabetes Chapter 5: Self-Management and Stroke Chapter 6: Self-Management and Low Back Pain Chapter 7: Self-Management in the Youth Chapter 8: Self-Management in the Elderly Chapter 9: Community Health Workers as Key Contributors to Self-Management Programs Chapter 10: Self-Management in the Workplace Chapter 11: Self-Management in Nutrition and Exercise References Chapter 2: The Case for Self-Management Introduction Self-Management Definition Conceptual Definition Practical Definition Common Models of Self-Management Stanford Model 5 A’s Model Chronic Care Model Flinders Chronic Condition Management Program (Flinders Program) Advantages of Self-Management Effective Across the Prevention Spectrum Primary Prevention Disability in Frail Older Adults Secondary Prevention Stroke Tertiary Prevention Serious Mental Illness Robust Clinically and Demographically Diverse Populations Heart Failure and Individuals with Low Literacy Childhood Obesity in a Rural Midwest Town Adolescent and Young Adults with Sickle Cell Disease Lower-Income, Urban, African-American Older Adults Cost Effective Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) Diabetes Hepatitis C Additional Advantages Tailorable Ease of Implementation Delivery Location Lay-Person Leaders with Chronic Conditions Limitations Considerations Conclusions References Part II: The Application of Self-Management in Various Conditions Chapter 3: Self-Management and Spinal Cord Injuries Introduction to Spinal Cord Injury Epidemiology of SCI Consequences After an SCI Self-Management Target and Associated Skills in SCIs Consequences of SCI and the Impact of SM Interventions Need for Self-Management Integration in SCI Rehabilitation Preparation of the Health System Preparation of the Patients Payment Mechanisms Conclusion References Chapter 4: Self-Management in Diabetes Introduction Describing Self-Management of Diabetes Empowerment Approaches for Diabetes Self-Management Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) Diabetes Self-Management Support (DSMS) Theories and Models Relevant for Diabetes Self-Management Self-Determination Theory Self-Efficacy Theory Chronic Care Model Illness Representation Model Facilitators of Self-Management Individual Influences The Role of Spirituality and Faith in the Lives of Individuals General Knowledge About the Diseases Family Support Community Influences Peer Support Organizational Influences Strong Commitment to Health Practitioner Barriers in the Self-Management of Diabetes A Lack of Motivation and Understanding of the Condition Insufficient Understanding of the Causes and the Treatment of Diabetes Time Constraints Lack of Self-Control Memory Failure Difficulty in Changing Lifestyle Structural/Environmental Influences Access and Cost to Healthy Food Health and Economic Factors Organizational Barriers Health Service Constraints Interventions to Address Non-communicable Disease Interventions for Self-Management Conclusion and Recommendations References Chapter 5: Self-Management and Stroke Background of Stroke Impact of Stroke Impairment Activity Limitations Participation Restrictions and Quality of Life The Impact of Stroke on Caregivers Self-Management for Patients with Stroke Integration of Self-Management Principles in Stroke Rehabilitation Contextualization of the Bridges Self-Management Program in Different Settings Recommendations for Application of Self-Management Programs Future Directions References Chapter 6: Self-Management and Low Back Pain Introduction Health, Social, and Economic Impact The Clinical Picture of LBP Current Approaches in Non-pharmacological Conservative Management of Chronic Low Back Pain Passive Joint, Muscle, and/or Neural Mobilization Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation Education Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive Functional Therapy Pain Neuroscience Education Combined with Exercise Rehabilitation and/or Manual Therapy: Cognitive-Targeted Exercise In Summary Self-Management as an Intervention for Chronic Low Back Pain Competencies Needed for Self-Management Support Programs Competencies of Participants Which Would Facilitate and Sustain Successful Self-Management Reconceptualization of Their Pain Readiness for Change Health Locus of Control Patient Activation Competencies of Clinicians Providing Self-Management Support Programs Therapeutic Relationship and Listening Skills Awareness and Knowledge of Psychosocial Contributions to Pain and the Risk of Chronification Ability to Do a Thorough Musculoskeletal Physical Examination Knowledge of Evidence-Based Information Pain Knowledge Person-Centered Care Shared Decision-Making and Goal Setting Knowledge of Patient Competencies Needed for SM and Barriers to Adherence to the SM Support Program Effective Rehabilitation Adherence to Self-Management Programs An Evidence-Based Program to Prepare Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain for Self-Management Education and Advice Exercises and Activity Rehabilitation Combination Programs Future Directions Conclusion References Part III: Using Self-Management Across the Lifespan and Across Settings Chapter 7: Self-Management in Youth Introduction Challenges Faced by Youth The Influence of Challenges on Self-Management in Young Persons Promoting Self-Management in Young People Guidelines, Strategies, and Principles for Planning Self-Management Programs Conclusion References Chapter 8: Self-Management in Chronic Illness in the Elderly Introduction Concept of Self-Management of Chronic Conditions Burden of Chronic Conditions Multimorbidity in Elderly Persons Self-Management of Chronic Conditions in the Elderly Senior Centers for Older Persons Strategies for Self-Management of Chronic Conditions on Senior Center Platforms Summary References Chapter 9: Community Health Workers as Key Contributors to Self-Management Programs Introduction Psychological Impact on CHWs in Rendering a Service Reasons for Becoming Community Health Workers Knowledge and Competencies Among CHWs and the Psychological Impact Thereof Lack of Career Paths Has Negative Impact on CHWs CHW Burnout and Exhaustion Preparation Needed for CHW Self-Management Programs Legal Considerations Allowing CHWs to Take Responsibility The Right to Health Under International Law Community Health Workers Promote Better Health with Self-Management Interventions Interventions That Can Be Used in Communities by CHWs Self-Management Approaches Should Empower Individuals Self-Management Approaches Should Incorporate a Psychosocial Model Rather than Only a Biomedical or Psychological Approach The Interventions Should Be Focused at the Level of Competency of the Lay Person Conclusion References Chapter 10: Self-Management in the Workplace Introduction Workplace Context Impact of Chronic Conditions at Work Cost of Chronic Conditions at Work Importance of Self-management at Work Current Workplace Disease Management Programs Worksite Self-Management Programs Case Descriptions of Self-Management Interventions in the Workplace Context Ethical and Legal Issues for Workplace Programs Privacy and Confidentiality Coercion (Voluntariness) Victim-blaming and Stigmatization Conflicting Loyalties Addressing and Minimizing Ethical Problems Future Directions Self-Management in the Digital Age Preventive Self-Management Conclusions References Chapter 11: Self-Management in Nutrition and Exercise Introduction Nutrition and Exercise for Disease Prevention Nutrition and Exercise for Disease Treatment and Management Metabolic Syndrome Obesity Type 2 Diabetes Cardiovascular Diseases Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Depression and Anxiety Global Contributions to Obesity and Chronic Disease Crisis Current Approaches to Improving Obesity and Wellness Behaviors Self-Management in Nutrition and Fitness Forming a Client/Professional Partnership Managing Personal Bias Problem-Solving Decision-Making Resource Utilization Taking Action Other Considerations Facilitating Positive Client Experiences Managing Expectations Providing and Encouraging Social Support Summary References Index