Self-healing properties of new surface treatments : [sixteen contributions, some of which were selected from the proceedings of the Workshop on Self-Healing Coatings held on 12 September 2007 at the European Federation of Corrosion's Annual EUROCORR Confe

Annotation. All branches of industry have, for many decades, utilised organic coatings with active pigments. In most cases the pigments have included zinc dust, red lead oxide or chromates, the protective mechanisms of which are well understood. However, the use of lead and chromate-based coatings is no longer permitted, due mainly to their toxic and carcinogenic characteristics, respectively. This has stimulated much interest in the development of new environmentally-friendly coatings with active pigments that convey "self-healing" characteristics. The use of advanced primers containing "smart" self-healing pigments with up to four cooperative effects aims to provide enhanced corrosion resistance for steel or aluminium structures. This new publication was motivated by the highly successful workshop on self-healing coatings held on 12 September 2007 at the European Federation of Corrosion's annual EUROCORR conference in Freiburg. It includes sixteen contributions, some of which were selected from the proceedings of the workshop (often in extended form) together with a number of specially invited articles and reviews. Among the coatings discussed are: organosilane films filled with nanoparticles and corrosion inhibitors; nanoparticle-containing polyaniline films; pyrrole-based silane primers; polypyrrole/aluminium flake hybrid pigments; ZrO2 sol-gel films; cerium-containing silica methacrylate sol-gel coatings, and many others Front Matter......Page 1 Table of Contents......Page 0 Series Introduction......Page 3 Table of Contents......Page 5 1.1 Introduction......Page 7 1.3 Model Description of Protective Properties of Active Pigments......Page 9 1.5 Inhibition by Precipitation......Page 10 1.6 Barrier Effect......Page 11 1.7 Cathodic Polarisation......Page 12 1.8 Example of 'Self-Healing' Active Pigments with Multi-Protective Properties......Page 13 1.9 Conclusions......Page 14 References......Page 16 2.1 Introduction......Page 17 2.2.1 Coatings with Self-Healing Ability Based on the Reflow Effect......Page 18 2.2.2 Self-Sealing Protective Coatings......Page 20 2.3.1 Protective Coatings with Inhibitor-Doped Matrix......Page 23 2.3.2 Self-Healing Anticorrosion Coatings Based on Nano-/Microcontainers of Corrosion Inhibitors......Page 26 2.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook......Page 41 References......Page 42 3.1 Introduction......Page 45 3.2.1 Formation of the Silane Coating......Page 46 3.2.2 Anti-Corrosion Properties......Page 47 3.3 More Effective Silane Coatings through Addition of Active Species......Page 48 3.3.1 Addition of Active Ions......Page 49 3.3.2 Addition of Nanoparticles......Page 58 3.4 Final Remarks......Page 67 References......Page 68 4.1 Introduction......Page 71 4.2.2 Electrochemical Techniques......Page 72 4.3.1 EIS Results......Page 73 4.3.3 SVET Results......Page 78 4.4 Discussion......Page 80 Acknowledgments......Page 83 References......Page 84 5.1 Introduction......Page 85 5.2.3 Characterisation Techniques......Page 86 5.3.1.1 FTIR Studies......Page 87 5.3.1.2 XPS Analysis......Page 94 5.3.1.3 Molecular Picture of SiPy Film......Page 97 5.3.2.1 Pitting Scans (PS)......Page 99 5.3.2.2 Potential Transient Measurements (Et)......Page 102 5.3.2.3 Immersion Tests......Page 105 References......Page 109 6.2 Sol-Gel Technology - Hybrid Polymers......Page 111 6.3 An Alternative to Chromating: Hybrid Sol-Gel (ORMOCER®) Based Pretreatment of Aluminium Alloys......Page 114 6.4 Nanocomposite Protective Layers for Different Metal Surfaces......Page 118 6.5 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 122 References......Page 123 7.1 Introduction......Page 125 7.2 Experimental......Page 126 7.3.1 Short-Term Immersion Testing......Page 127 7.3.2 Prolonged Immersion Testing......Page 130 7.3.3 Influence of Solution pH on Coating Performance......Page 131 7.3.4 Scratch Test (Self-Healing Assessment)......Page 133 7.3.5 Salt Spray Performance......Page 137 References......Page 138 8.1 Introduction......Page 140 8.2.1 Materials and Treatment......Page 141 8.2.4 Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements......Page 142 8.3.1 Coating Morphology and Composition......Page 143 8.3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy......Page 145 8.4 Conclusions......Page 151 Acknowledgements......Page 152 References......Page 153 9.1 Introduction......Page 154 9.2 Scope......Page 156 9.3 Development of Eco-Friendly Inhibitors......Page 157 9.3.1 REM-Compounds as Chromate Alternative......Page 158 9.3.2 'Green' Inhibitor Design......Page 159 9.4 High-Throughput Screening Techniques for Inhibitor Selection......Page 163 9.5 Inhibitor Incorporation into Organic Coatings......Page 171 9.6 Release Kinetics......Page 174 9.7.1 REM Deposition Mechanisms......Page 175 9.7.2 REM-Organic Compound Deposition......Page 178 9.7.3 Surface Analysis Techniques......Page 179 References......Page 183 10.1 Introduction......Page 190 10.2.1 Synthesis of Coating Material......Page 191 10.2.3 Characterisation of the Coated Samples......Page 192 10.3 Results......Page 193 10.4 Discussion......Page 203 10.5 Conclusions......Page 205 References......Page 206 11.1.1 Protection of Metal Substrates with Sol-Gel Coatings......Page 208 11.1.2 Lanthanides as Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors......Page 209 11.2 Design of Silica-Methacrylate Hybrid Polymer Sol-Gel Materials......Page 211 11.3.1 TEOS-MPS-HEMA Coatings......Page 213 11.3.2 TEOS-MPS-SiO_2 Coatings......Page 214 11.3.3 TEOS-MPS-EGDMA-SiO_2 Multilayer Coatings......Page 218 11.4 Conclusions......Page 223 References......Page 224 12.1 Introduction......Page 226 12.2.1 Substrates and Solutions......Page 227 12.2.2 Plasma Deposition Process......Page 228 12.2.3.2 Nanoscratch Experiments......Page 229 12.2.3.4 Electrochemical Measurements......Page 230 12.3.1 Benchmark without AlCeO_3......Page 231 12.3.2.1 Morphological Investigation......Page 232 12.3.2.2 Electrochemical Measurements......Page 234 12.3.3.1 Increase in Localised Defects......Page 240 12.3.3.2 Improvement of Nanoparticle Dispersion......Page 241 12.4 Conclusion......Page 242 References......Page 243 13.1 Introduction......Page 244 13.2 Experimental......Page 246 13.3.1 SEM Characterisation of Polypyrrole Flakes From Reactions 1-6......Page 249 13.3.2 Density Tests for Reactions 1-6......Page 252 13.3.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Reaction 1......Page 254 13.3.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of Reaction 1......Page 261 13.3.6 Corrosion Assessment of Reaction 1......Page 262 13.4 Conclusions......Page 264 References......Page 266 14.1 Introduction......Page 268 14.2 Experimental......Page 269 14.3 Results and Discussion......Page 270 14.4 Conclusions......Page 282 References......Page 283 15.1 Introduction......Page 285 15.2.3 Open Circuit Potential Measurement (OCP)......Page 286 15.3.1 Polymer Deposition by Cyclic Voltammetry and Morphological Characterisation......Page 287 15.3.2 Open Circuit Potential Measurements, DC Polarisation Tests......Page 288 15.4 Conclusion......Page 293 References......Page 297 16.1 Introduction......Page 299 16.2.2 Evaluation of Barrier Properties for Coating......Page 300 16.3.1 Barrier Properties of Coating......Page 301 16.3.2 Optimum Conditions for Coating with a Fluoro-Organic Compound......Page 303 16.3.3 Self-Healing Properties of Coating......Page 306 16.4 Conclusions......Page 310 References......Page 311 B......Page 312 D......Page 313 H......Page 314 M......Page 315 P......Page 316 R......Page 317 S......Page 318 Z......Page 319