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For the first time, international guidelines for seismic design of port structures have been compiled in this comprehensive book. These guidelines address the limitations inherent in conventional design, and establish the framework for an evolutionary design strategy based on seismic response and performance requirements. The provisions reflect the diverse nature of port facilities throughout the world, where the required functions of port structures, economic and social environment, and seismic activities may differ from region to region. This book comprises a main text and eight technical commentaries. The main text introduces the reader to basic earthquake engineering concepts and a strategy for performance-based design, while the technical commentaries illustrate specific aspects of seismic analysis and design, and provide examples of various applications of the guidelines. Proven simplified methods and state-of-the-art analysis procedures have been carefully selected and integrated in the guidelines in order to provide a flexible and consistent methodology for the seismic design of port facilities. SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PORT STRUCTURES......Page 2 Contents......Page 4 Preface......Page 7 Members of PIANC/MarCom/Working Group 34......Page 9 List of Tables and Figures: Main Text......Page 11 1 Bedrock Motion......Page 14 2 Local Site Effects......Page 15 2.2 LIQUEFACTION......Page 16 2.3 TSUNAMIS......Page 19 2.4 PORT STRUCTURES......Page 20 1 Damage to gravity quay walls......Page 22 3 Damage to pile-supported wharves......Page 23 4 Damage to cranes......Page 25 6 Common features of damage to port structures......Page 28 3.1 PERFORMANCE-BASED METHODOLOGY......Page 30 3.2 REFERENCE LEVELS OF EARTHQUAKE MOTIONS......Page 32 3.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION......Page 34 1 Seismic response of gravity quay walls......Page 37 2 Parameters for specifying damage criteria for gravity quay walls......Page 38 1 Seismic response of sheet pile quay walls......Page 39 2 Parameters for specifying damage criteria for sheet pile quay walls......Page 40 3 Damage criteria for sheet pile quay walls......Page 41 1 Seismic response of pile-supported wharves......Page 42 2 Parameters for specifying damage criteria for pile-supported wharves......Page 45 3 Damage criteria for pile-supported wharves......Page 47 2 Parameters for specifying damage criteria for cellular quay walls......Page 49 1 Seismic response of cranes......Page 51 2 Parameters for specifying damage criteria for quay walls with cranes......Page 53 3 Damage criteria for quay walls with cranes......Page 55 4.6 BREAKWATERS......Page 58 5.1 TYPES OF ANALYSIS......Page 61 1 Site response analysis......Page 62 5.3 ANALYSIS OF PORT STRUCTURES......Page 66 a Simplified analysis......Page 70 a Simplified analysis......Page 71 5.4 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF ANALYSIS......Page 72 T2.1 DAMAGE TO GRAVITY QUAY WALLS......Page 81 T2.3 DAMAGE TO PILE-SUPPORTED WHARVES......Page 82 T2.5 DAMAGE TO CRANES......Page 83 T2.6 DAMAGE TO BREAKWATERS......Page 84 T3.1.1 Intensity......Page 116 T3.2 STRONG GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS......Page 117 T3.3 SEISMIC SOURCE AND TRAVEL PATH EFFECTS......Page 121 T3.4 LOCAL SITE EFFECTS......Page 125 T3.5.1 Seismotectonic approach......Page 128 T3.5.2 Direct approach based on seismic history......Page 135 T3.5.3 Design accelerograms......Page 136 T3.6.2 Sheet pile quay walls......Page 138 T3.6.3 Pile-supported wharves......Page 139 T3.6.4 Embankments and breakwaters......Page 140 T4.1 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL UNDER CYCLIC LOADS......Page 143 1 Small strains......Page 144 2 Medium strains......Page 145 3 Large strains......Page 147 T4.1.2 Soil behaviour at failure......Page 148 T4.2.1 In-situ penetration tests......Page 154 T4.2.2 In-situ geophysical tests......Page 157 1 Surface tests......Page 158 2 Borehole tests......Page 159 T4.2.3 Laboratory tests......Page 160 a Cyclic triaxial test CTX......Page 161 c Cyclic torsional shear test CTS......Page 162 a Resonant column test RC......Page 163 b Bender elements BE......Page 164 T4.2.4 Combined use of in-situ and laboratory tests......Page 165 2 Failure conditions......Page 166 T4.3.1 Small-strain stiffness......Page 168 T4.3.2 Small-strain damping......Page 169 T4.3.3 Non-linear pre-failure behaviour......Page 172 T4.4.1 Liquefaction potential assessment using field data......Page 177 1 Evaluation of seismic load......Page 178 2 Correction and normalisation of field data......Page 179 3 Use of liquefaction charts......Page 181 T4.4.2 Liquefaction potential assessment combining field and laboratory data......Page 185 a Equivalent N-value......Page 186 c Liquefaction potential assessment for clean sands......Page 187 d Correction for silty or plastic soils......Page 188 2 Cyclic triaxial test 2nd step......Page 189 1 Simplified analysis......Page 190 3 Dynamic analysis......Page 191 A.1 Time domain analysis......Page 194 A.2 Frequency domain analysis......Page 196 A.3 Spectral analysis and propagation velocity......Page 200 T5.1.1 Performance goal......Page 202 T5.1.4 Seismic load combinations......Page 203 T5.2 MODELLING ASPECTS......Page 204 T5.2.1 Soil-structure interaction......Page 205 T5.2.2 Movement joints......Page 206 T5.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR SEISMIC RESPONSE......Page 207 T5.3.1 Method A: Equivalent single mode analysis......Page 209 T5.3.2 Method B: Multi-mode spectral analysis......Page 210 T5.3.3 Method C: Pushover analysis......Page 211 1 Elastic stiffness from pushover analysis......Page 212 2 Damping......Page 213 3 Capacity design checks......Page 214 T5.3.4 Method D: Inelastic time-history analysis......Page 215 T5.4.1 Deformation capacity of pile plastic hinges......Page 217 T5.4.2 Implication of limit states......Page 218 T5.4.3 Moment-curvature characteristics of piles......Page 219 3 Plastic hinge length......Page 225 4 In-ground hinge location......Page 226 5 Pile force-displacement response......Page 227 1 Material properties for plastic hinges......Page 228 2 Confinement of pile plastic hinges......Page 229 3 Addition of mild steel reinforcement to prestressed piles......Page 230 1 Shear strength of concrete piles......Page 232 1 Assessment of wharves and piers with batter piles......Page 236 2 Assessment of wharves and piers with timber piles......Page 237 T5.5.1 Steel-shell piles......Page 238 T5.5.2 Prestressed piles......Page 239 T5.5.3 Practical connection considerations......Page 241 T5.5.4 Capacity of existing substandard connection details......Page 245 T5.6 EXISTING CONSTRUCTION......Page 247 T5.6.1 Structural criteria for existing construction......Page 248 T5.6.2 Strengthening of an existing structure......Page 250 1 Causes of deterioration......Page 251 2 Preventive measures in design and construction......Page 252 T6.1.1 Soil improvement and structural solutions......Page 256 T6.1.2 Standard design procedure for liquefaction remediation......Page 257 1 Compaction......Page 258 3 Cementation and solidification......Page 263 7 Preload Matsuoka, 1985......Page 264 T6.3.1 Determination of the SPT N-value to be achieved by compaction......Page 265 T6.4 DRAINAGE METHOD: DESIGN AND INSTALLATION......Page 267 T6.5.1 Principle and application of the method......Page 270 T6.5.2 Design method......Page 272 1 Increase in liquefaction resistance by overconsolidation......Page 273 3 Influence of fines content......Page 275 T6.6.2 Design and installation procedure......Page 276 T6.7 DESIGN OF LIQUEFACTION REMEDIATION......Page 277 1 Propagation of excess pore water pressure into the improved zone......Page 278 3 Loss of shear strength in liquefied sand layer......Page 279 4 Change in dynamic response of the improved soil......Page 280 T6.8 INFLUENCE ON EXISTING STRUCTURES DURING SOIL IMPROVEMENT......Page 282 T6.8.1 Influence on bending stress in a sheet pile wall by compaction......Page 283 T6.8.2 Excess pore water pressure and vibration resulting from compaction......Page 284 T6.8.3 Influence of earth pressure increased by compaction......Page 285 1 Stability assessment......Page 290 2 Active earth pressures......Page 291 4 Fully and partially submerged fills......Page 293 5 Coarse-grained fills......Page 294 7 Hydrodynamic pressure......Page 295 8 Equivalent seismic coefficient......Page 296 1 Non-liquefiable sites......Page 298 2 Liquefiable sites......Page 300 T7.1.3 Pile-supported wharves......Page 301 T7.1.4 Breakwaters, embankments and slopes......Page 310 1 Sliding block analysis......Page 311 2 Simplified chart based on parametric study......Page 315 3 Evaluation of liquefaction remediation based on parametric study......Page 317 1 Sliding block analysis......Page 322 2 Simplified chart based on parametric study......Page 324 1 Response spectrum analysis......Page 327 2 Pushover analysis......Page 331 3 Ductility criteria......Page 332 T7.2.4 Breakwaters, embankments and slopes......Page 335 T7.3.1 Analysis procedures......Page 336 1 Gravity quay wall......Page 338 2 Sheet pile quay wall......Page 342 3 Pile-supported wharf......Page 343 4 Breakwater......Page 346 T7.3.3 Remarks on dynamic analysis of slopes and walls......Page 349 T7.4 INPUT PARAMETERS FOR ANALYSIS......Page 350 T8.1.1 Performance requirements and design conditions......Page 361 T8.1.2 Simplified analysis......Page 363 1 Active earth pressures and thrust......Page 364 4 Vertical forces......Page 368 5 Force and moment balance......Page 369 T8.1.3 Simplified dynamic analysis......Page 371 T8.1.4 Simplified dynamic analysis for evaluation of liquefaction remediation......Page 372 T8.1.5 Dynamic analysis......Page 374 T8.2.1 Performance requirements and design conditions......Page 377 1 Active earth pressures and thrust......Page 380 2 Passive earth pressures and thrust......Page 384 4 Moment balance about the tie-rod......Page 385 6 Maximum Bending Moment MFES and Mdesign......Page 386 9 Location of the anchor......Page 389 1 Active earth pressures and thrust......Page 390 2 Passive earth pressures and thrust......Page 391 5 Simple beam analysis Msimple and Tsimple......Page 392 6 Corrections by Winkler beam analysis Mdesign and Tdesign......Page 394 7 Embedment depth and anchor location......Page 396 T8.2.4 Simplified dynamic analysis deformations......Page 397 T8.3.1 Performance requirements and design conditions......Page 400 T8.3.2 Dynamic analysis......Page 402 T8.4.1 Performance requirements and design conditions......Page 403 T8.4.2 Simplified analysis......Page 404 T8.4.3 Simplified dynamic analysis......Page 410 T8.5.1 Performance requirements and design conditions......Page 412 T8.5.2 Dynamic analysis......Page 413 Section 1: MAIN TEXT......Page 420 CHAPTER 1: Introduction......Page 421 Section 2: TECHNICAL COMMENTARIES......Page 424 T1.1 LIST OF SEISMIC DESIGN CODES AND GUIDELINES FOR PORT STRUCTURES......Page 426 1 Japanese design Port and Harbour Research Institute, 1997; Ministry of Transport, Japan, 1999.......Page 427 2 Spanish design ROM0.6, 2000......Page 428 3 German design EAU, 1996......Page 431 5 ASCE-TCLEE guidelines Werner, 1998......Page 433 6 Eurocode design CEN, 1994......Page 434 7 New Zealand design......Page 435 T1.3 SEISMIC DESIGN PRACTICE FOR PORT STRUCTURES AROUND THE WORLD......Page 436 List of Symbols......Page 438 References......Page 450 Annotation For the first time, international guidelines for seismic design of port structures have been compiled in this comprehensive book. These guidelines address the limitations inherent in conventional design, and establish the framework for an evolutionary design strategy based on seismic response and performance requirements. The provisions reflect the diverse nature of port facilities throughout the world, where the required functions of port structures, economic and social environment, and seismic activities may differ from region to region. This book comprises a main text and eight technical commentaries. The main text introduces the reader to basic earthquake engineering concepts and a strategy for performance-based design, while the technical commentaries illustrate specific aspects of seismic analysis and design, and provide examples of various applications of the guidelines. Proven simplified methods and state-of-the-art analysis procedures have been carefully selected and integrated in the guidelines in order to provide a flexible and consistent methodology for the seismic design of port facilities.