Sedimentary Petrology : An Introduction to the Origin of Sedimentary Rocks

The earlier editions of this book have been used by successive generations of students for more than 20 years, and it is the standard text on the subject in most British universities and many others throughout the world. The study of sediments and sedimentary rocks continues to be a core topic in the Earth Sciences and this book aims to provide a concise account of their composition, mineralogy, textures, structures, diagenesis and depositional environments.This latest edition is noteworthy for the inclusion of 16 plates with 54 colour photomicrographs of sedimentary rocks in thin-section. These bring sediments to life and show their beauty and colorful appearance down the microscope; they will aid the student enormously in laboratory petrographic work. The text has been revised where necessary and the reference and further reading lists brought up-to-date. New tables have been included to help undergraduates with rock and thin-section description and interpretation. This title is suitable for earth science undergraduates studying sedimentary petrology, sedimentology and sedimentary petrography. SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, THIRD EDITION 2 Contents 8 Preface to the third edition 10 Preface to the second edition 11 Preface to the first edition 12 1: Introduction: basic concepts and methodology 14 1.1 Introduction 14 1.2 Basic concepts 14 1.3 Methodology 19 2: Siliciclastic sediments I: sandstones, conglomerates and breccias 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Sediment texture 24 2.3 Sedimentary structures 34 2.4 Palaeocurrent analysis 53 2.5 Detrital components of siliciclastic sediments 55 2.6 Classification of siliciclastic sediments 61 2.7 Petrography and origin of principal sandstone types 63 2.8 Sandstone composition, provenance and tectonic setting 66 2.9 Sandstone diagenesis 68 2.10 Porosity and permeability 75 2.11 Depositional environments of sandstones and coarser clastics 78 3: Siliciclastic sediments II: mudrocks 105 3.1 Introduction 105 3.2 Textures and structures of mudrocks 105 3.3 The colour of mudrocks 109 3.4 Mineral constituents of mudrocks 110 3.5 The formation and distribution of clay minerals in modern sediments 112 3.6 Diagenesis of clay minerals and mudrocks 115 3.7 Mudrocks and their depositional environments 116 4: Limestones 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Mineralogy of carbonate sediments 124 4.3 Components of limestones 124 4.4 Classification of limestones 157 4.5 Limestone grain size and texture 159 4.6 Sedimentary structures of limestones 159 4.7 Carbonate diagenesis 163 4.8 Dolomitization, dedolomitization and silicification 175 4.9 Porosity in carbonate sediments 180 4.10 Carbonate depositional environments and facies 180 5: Evaporites 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Gypsum and anhydrite 198 5.3 Halite 203 5.4 Other evaporite minerals and their occurrence 205 5.5 Evaporite dissolution and replacement 207 5.6 Evaporite sequences and discussion 207 6: Sedimentary iron deposits 211 6.1 Introduction 211 6.2 Source and transportation of iron 211 6.3 The formation of the principal iron minerals 212 6.4 Occurrence and petrography of the iron minerals 215 6.5 Precambrian iron-formations and Phanerozoic ironstones 218 6.6 Bog iron ores 221 6.7 Ferromanganese nodules and crusts, and metalliferous sediments 221 7: Sedimentary phosphate deposits 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Mineralogy 223 7.3 Nodular and bedded phosphorites 223 7.4 Bioclastic and pebble-bed phosphorites 226 7.5 Guano and ocean-island phosphorites 227 8: Coal, oil shale and petroleum 228 8.1 Introduction 228 8.2 Modern organic deposits 228 8.3 Ancient organic deposits 229 8.4 Coals and the coal series 229 8.5 Coal petrology 231 8.6 Coal formation and rank 233 8.7 Occurrence of coal 234 8.8 Oil shales 235 8.9 Formation of kerogen 236 8.10 Petroleum 236 9: Cherts and siliceous sediments 241 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Chert petrology 241 9.3 Bedded cherts 241 9.4 Nodular cherts 247 9.5 Non-marine siliceous sediments and cherts 248 10: Volcaniclastic sediments 250 10.1 Introduction 250 10.2 Autoclastic deposits 251 10.3 Pyroclastic-fall deposits 252 10.4 Pyroclastic-flow and -surge deposits 253 10.5 Hydroclastites: hyaloclastites and hyalotuffs 255 10.6 Epiclastic volcanogenic deposits 257 10.7 Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sediments 257 References 260 Index 280 The earlier editions of this book have been used by successive generations of students for more than 20 years, and it is the standard text on the subject in most British universities and many others throughout the world. The study of sediments and sedimentary rocks continues to be a core topic in the Earth Sciences and this book aims to provide a concise account of their composition, mineralogy, textures, structures, diagenesis and depositional environments. This latest edition is noteworthy for the inclusion of 16 plates with 54 colour photomicrographs of sedimentary rocks in thin-section. These bring sediments to life and show their beauty and colorful appearance down the microscope; they will aid the student enormously in laboratory petrographic work. The text has been revised where necessary and the reference and further reading lists brought up-to-date. New tables have been included to help undergraduates with rock and thin-section description and interpretation. New 16-page colour section will mean students do not need to buy Longman Atlas All illustrations redrawn to higher standard Complete revision of text - new material on sedimentary geochemistry, etc The earlier editions of this book have been used by successive generations of students for more than 20 years, and it is the standard text on the subject in most British universities and many others throughout the world. The study of sediments and sedimentary rocks continues to be a core topic in the Earth Sciences and this book aims to provide a concise account of their composition, mineralogy, textures, structures, diagenesis and depositional environments. This latest edition is noteworthy for the inclusion of 16 plates with 54 colour photomicrographs of sedimentary rocks in thin-section. These bring sediments to life and show their beauty and colorful appearance down the microscope; they will aid the student enormously in laboratory petrographic work. The text has been revised where necessary and the reference and further reading lists brought up-to-date. New tables have been included to help undergraduates with rock and thin-section description and interpretation. This title is suitable for earth science undergraduates studying sedimentary petrology, sedimentology and sedimentary petrography The study of sedimentary rocks is still a major part of all earth science undergraduate courses worldwide. This new edition has had a complete redesign and update of text, with the redrafting of a number of figures