Securing Europe After Napoleon : 1815 and the New European Security Culture

After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the leaders of Europe at the Congress of Vienna aimed to establish a new balance of power. The settlement established in 1815 ushered in the emergence of a genuinely European security culture. In this volume, leading historians offer new insights into the military cooperation, ambassadorial conferences, transnational police networks, and international commissions that helped produce stability. They delve into the lives of diplomats, ministers, police officers and bankers, and many others who were concerned with peace and security on and beyond the European continent. This volume is a crucial contribution to the debates on securitisation and security cultures emerging in response to threats to the international order. Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Contents Contributors Vienna 1815: Introducing a European Security Culture Wine in Vienna Vienna 1815: The Emergence of a European Security Culture Historicising Security Structure of the Book The Added Value of a European Security Culture Part I Conceptualisations 1 Cultures of Peace and Security from the Vienna Congress to the Twenty-First Century: Characteristics and Dilemmas The Concert of Europe and the Emergence of a Culture of Peace and Security Wilson, the Allies and the Birth of the League of Nations Security Culture within the United Nations: A New League of Nations, a New Concert of Great Powers, or Something Entirely New? Perspectives 2 Historicising a Security Culture: Peace, Security and the Vienna System in History and Politics, 1815 to Present Introduction: Historicising the Congress of Vienna Vienna System and Vienna Order A New European Security Culture Introducing 'Securitisation' to the Post-Napoleonic Order Transformations to the System Towards a 'New' Balance of Power? 3 The Congress of Vienna as a Missed Opportunity: Conservative Visions of a New European Order after Napoleon Introduction: A New European Order 'European Commonwealth': Conservative Europeanism before 1814 'Now or Never': The 'European Moment' of 1814-15 Christian Visions of a Post-Revolutionary Order 'Dying with Europe': Conservative Disillusionment after 1815 Conclusion: A Conservative Security Culture? Part II Institutions and Interests 4 The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine: A First Step towards European Economic Security? Introduction The Principle of Freedom of Navigation on International Rivers before the Congress of Vienna International Cooperation and the Institutional Framework of the Central Commission Freedom of Navigation as a European Security Interest? National Security Interests Conclusion 5 From the Balance of Power to a Balance of Diplomacy?: Peace and Security in the Vienna Settlement Introduction Balancing Power, from Utrecht to Vienna The Turning Point: The Saxon-Polish Crisis and Napoleon's Return Peace among the States From a System of Peace to a System of Peacekeeping From the Balance of Power to the Concert of Powers 6 The London Ambassadors' Conferences and Beyond: Abolition, Barbary Corsairs and Multilateral Security in the Congress of Vienna System Introduction 'A Sort of Permanent European Congress' 'A Lasting Service to Mankind' 'A System of Common Security' Conclusion 7 The Allied Machine: The Conference of Ministers in Paris and the Management of Security, 1815-18 Napoleon's Frustration What Sort of Peace? Inaugurating the 'Allied Machine' Managing Revolutionary Unrest Managing by Force (and Fortresses) Financial Securities Conclusion 8 The German Confederation: Cornerstone of the New European Security System The Bund: Guarantee for Europe's Security or Weak Substitute for a German Nation? Origins of the Bund: Reshaping Europe from 1800 to 1814-15 The German Confederation as Cornerstone of the European Security System The German Confederation at Work The German Confederation and European Security - A Balancing Act Part III Threats 9 Constructing an International Conspiracy: Revolutionary Concertation and Police Networks in the European Restoration Introduction 'A Threat to the Existence of Every Throne' Creating Suspicions Making Connections Raising Tensions: Brussels as a Liability Conclusion 10 Security and Transnational Policing of Political Subversion and International Crime in the German Confederation after 1815 Introduction The Federal Police Agencies and the 'Commission-Mode' of Transnational Policing The German Police Association and the 'Conference-Mode' of Transnational Policing Conclusion 11 The Papacy, Reform and Intervention: International Collective Security in Restoration Italy The Contested Legacy of Austrian Rule in Italy The Restoration of Papal Authority Rome 1831: Containing the Rivalry between Vienna and Paris Challenges to Habsburg Hegemony within Italy: A Threat to Europe's Collective Security 12 From Augarten to Algiers: Security and 'Piracy' around the Congress of Vienna Introduction Agenda-Setting at the Augarten: Knights and Pirates Towards Algiers: Translating Threats, Interests and Practices Conclusions: The Links and Their Consequences Part IV Agents and Practices 13 Friedrich von Gentz and His Wallachian Correspondents: Security Concerns in a Southeastern European Borderland (1812-28) The Communication Network Conflict Monitoring, Threat Perception and Diplomatic Mediation in Caradja's Reign The Wallachian Hospodars and the Russian-Ottoman Diplomatic Dispute Gentz and an Alternative View on Southeastern European Stability Conclusions 14 Diplomats as Power Brokers Qu'est-ce que c'est le pouvoir? Pre-Congress Plans and Instructions as Gauges of Great Power Concerns The Ambiguity of Diplomatic Discourse The Continuing Relevance of Decision-Making Analysis Castlereagh on Security and War The Motives for War with Revolutionary France A Brief Interlude of Peace: Defending the Treaty of Amiens Conclusion 15 Economic Insecurity, 'Securities' and a European Security Culture after the Napoleonic Wars Introduction Insecurity Securities Prosperity and Peace Conclusion Index Vienna 1815: introducing a European security culture / Beatrice de Graaf, Ido de Haan, Brian Vick -- Cultures of peace and security from the Vienna Congress to the 21st century: characteristics and dilemmas / Matthias Schulz -- Historicising a security culture: peace, security and the Vienna system in history and politics, 1815 to present / Eckart Conze -- The Congress of Vienna as a missed opportunity. conservative visions of a new European order after Napoleon / Matthijs Lok -- The Central Commission for Navigation of the Rhine. a first step towards European economic security? / Joep Schenk -- From the balance of power to a balance of diplomacy? peace and security in the Vienna settlement / Stella Ghervas -- The London ambassadors's conferences and beyond: abolition, barbary corsairs and multilateral security in the Congress of Vienna system / Brian Vick -- The allied machine. the conference of ministers in Paris and the management of security, 1815-1818 / Beatrice de Graaf -- The German Confederation: cornerstone of the new European security system / Wolf D. Gruner -- Constructing an international conspiracy. revolutionary concertation and police networks in the European restoration / Ido de Haan & Jeroen van Zanten -- Security and transnational policing of political subversion and international crime in the German Confederation after 1815 / Karl Härter -- The papacy, reform, and intervention: international collective security in restoration Italy / David Laven -- From Augarten to Algiers. securitising and 'piracy' around the Congress of Vienna / Erik de Lange -- Friedrich von Gentz and his Wallachian correspondents: security concerns in a southeastern European borderland (1812-1828) / Constantin Ardeleanu -- Diplomats as power brokers / Mark Jarrett -- Economic insecurity, 'securities' and a European security culture after the Napoleonic wars / Glenda Sluga "The Congress of Vienna settlement in 1815 saw the leaders of Europe come together in a bid to establish a balance of power on the continent following the destabilising repercussions of the Napoleonic Wars and revolutionary France. The settlement ushered in more than half a century of relative peace in Europe. Exactly how remains unclear. In this volume, leading historians and scholars of international relations offer new insights into the structures, processes and decisions that helped produce this stability, such as the creation of transnational police networks, military cooperation, ambassadorial conferences and international commissions. These new security institutions involved a wide range of professionals, including diplomats, ministers, police officers and bankers. The volume reveals the political and cultural transformations that took place in Europe in and after 1815, and contributes to debates within international relations about security, securitisation and security cultures"-- Provided by publisher